mysql pt online ddl_MySQL Online DDL 工具之pt-online-schema-change

MySQL DDL:

DDL是一个令所有MySQL dDBA 诟病的一个功能，因为在MySQL中在对表进行dDDL时，会锁表，当表比较小比如小于1W行时，对前端影响较小，当时遇到千万级别的表，就会影响前端应用对表的写操作！

InnoDB引擎是通过以下步骤来进行DDL的：

1、按照原始表(original_table)的表结构和DDL语句，新建一个不可见的临时表(tmp_table)

2、在原表上加write lock，阻塞所有更新操作(insert、delete、update等)

3、执行insert into tmp_table select * from original_table

4、rename original_table和tmp_table，最后drop original_table

5、释放 write lock。

可以看见在InnoDB执行DDL的时候，原表是只能读不能写的。为此 perconal 推出一个工具 pt-online-schema-change ，其特点是修改过程中不会造成读写阻塞。

工作原理：

如果表有外键，除非使用 --alter-foreign-keys-method 指定特定的值，否则工具不予执行。

1 创建一个和你要执行 alter 操作的表一样的空表结构。

2 执行表结构修改，然后从原表中的数据到copy到 表结构修改后的表，

3 在原表上创建触发器将 copy 数据的过程中，在原表的更新操作 更新到新表.

注意:如果表中已经定义了触发器这个工具就不能工作了。

4 copy 完成以后，用rename table 新表代替原表，默认删除原表。

用法介绍：

pt-online-schema-change [OPTIONS] DSN

options 可以自行查看 help，DNS 为你要操作的数据库和表。这里有两个参数需要介绍一下：

--dry-run

这个参数不建立触发器，不拷贝数据，也不会替换原表。只是创建和更改新表。

--execute

这个参数的作用和前面工作原理的介绍的一样，会建立触发器，来保证最新变更的数据会影响至新表。注意：如果不加这个参数，这个工具会在执行一些检查后退出。

依赖条件:

操作的表必须有主键否则 报如下错误:

[root@linuxidc ~]# pt-online-schema-change -u root -plinuxidc  -h127.0.0.1 --alter='add column vname varchar(20)' --execute D=linuxidc,t=linuxidc

No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host linuxidc.com has slaves.

Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.

Operation, tries, wait:

copy_rows, 10, 0.25

create_triggers, 10, 1

drop_triggers, 10, 1

swap_tables, 10, 1

update_foreign_keys, 10, 1

Altering `linuxidc`.`linuxidc`...

Creating new table...

Created new table linuxidc._linuxidc_new OK.

Altering new table...

Altered `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_new` OK.

2016-01-08T17:51:43 Dropping new table...

2016-01-08T17:51:43 Dropped new table OK.

`linuxidc`.`linuxidc` was not altered.

The new table `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_new` does not have a PRIMARY KEY or a unique index which is required for the DELETE trigger.

字段vname没有添加成功！

mysql> show create table linuxidc\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Table: linuxidc

Create Table: CREATE TABLE `linuxidc` (

`actor_id` smallint(8) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',

`first_name` varchar(45) NOT NULL,

`last_name` varchar(45) NOT NULL,

`last_update` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

添加主键：

mysql> alter table linuxidc modify actor_id smallint(8) unsigned primary key;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

[root@linuxidc ~]# pt-online-schema-change -u root -plinuxidc  -h127.0.0.1 --alter='add column vname varchar(20)' --execute D=linuxidc,t=linuxidc

No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host linuxidc.com has slaves.

Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.

Operation, tries, wait:

copy_rows, 10, 0.25

create_triggers, 10, 1

drop_triggers, 10, 1

swap_tables, 10, 1

update_foreign_keys, 10, 1

Altering `linuxidc`.`linuxidc`...

Creating new table...

Created new table linuxidc._linuxidc_new OK.

Altering new table...

Altered `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_new` OK.

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Creating triggers...

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Created triggers OK.

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Copying approximately 200 rows...

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Copied rows OK.

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Swapping tables...

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Swapped original and new tables OK.

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Dropping old table...

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Dropped old table `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_old` OK.

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Dropping triggers...

2016-01-08T17:57:09 Dropped triggers OK.

Successfully altered `linuxidc`.`linuxidc`.

mysql> show create table linuxidc\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Table: linuxidc

Create Table: CREATE TABLE `linuxidc` (

`actor_id` smallint(8) unsigned NOT NULL,

`first_name` varchar(45) NOT NULL,

`last_name` varchar(45) NOT NULL,

`last_update` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

`vname` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`actor_id`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

添加多个字段：

[root@linuxidc ~]# pt-online-schema-change -u root -plinuxidc  -h127.0.0.1 --alter='add column aname varchar(20),add column bname varchar(30)' --execute D=linuxidc,t=linuxidc

No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host linuxidc.com has slaves.

Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.

Operation, tries, wait:

copy_rows, 10, 0.25

create_triggers, 10, 1

drop_triggers, 10, 1

swap_tables, 10, 1

update_foreign_keys, 10, 1

Altering `linuxidc`.`linuxidc`...

Creating new table...

Created new table linuxidc._linuxidc_new OK.

Altering new table...

Altered `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_new` OK.

2016-01-08T18:04:25 Creating triggers...

2016-01-08T18:04:25 Created triggers OK.

2016-01-08T18:04:25 Copying approximately 200 rows...

2016-01-08T18:04:25 Copied rows OK.

2016-01-08T18:04:25 Swapping tables...

2016-01-08T18:04:26 Swapped original and new tables OK.

2016-01-08T18:04:26 Dropping old table...

2016-01-08T18:04:26 Dropped old table `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_old` OK.

2016-01-08T18:04:26 Dropping triggers...

2016-01-08T18:04:26 Dropped triggers OK.

Successfully altered `linuxidc`.`linuxidc`.

mysql> show create table linuxidc\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Table: linuxidc

Create Table: CREATE TABLE `linuxidc` (

`actor_id` smallint(8) unsigned NOT NULL,

`first_name` varchar(45) NOT NULL,

`last_name` varchar(45) NOT NULL,

`last_update` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

`vname` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,

`aname` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,

`bname` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`actor_id`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

删除字段：

[root@linuxidc ~]# pt-online-schema-change -u root -plinuxidc  -h127.0.0.1 --alter='drop column aname,drop column bname' --execute D=linuxidc,t=linuxidc

No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host linuxidc.com has slaves.

Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.

Operation, tries, wait:

copy_rows, 10, 0.25

create_triggers, 10, 1

drop_triggers, 10, 1

swap_tables, 10, 1

update_foreign_keys, 10, 1

Altering `linuxidc`.`linuxidc`...

Creating new table...

Created new table linuxidc._linuxidc_new OK.

Altering new table...

Altered `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_new` OK.

2016-01-08T18:05:45 Creating triggers...

2016-01-08T18:05:45 Created triggers OK.

2016-01-08T18:05:45 Copying approximately 200 rows...

2016-01-08T18:05:45 Copied rows OK.

2016-01-08T18:05:45 Swapping tables...

2016-01-08T18:05:45 Swapped original and new tables OK.

2016-01-08T18:05:45 Dropping old table...

2016-01-08T18:05:45 Dropped old table `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_old` OK.

2016-01-08T18:05:45 Dropping triggers...

2016-01-08T18:05:46 Dropped triggers OK.

Successfully altered `linuxidc`.`linuxidc`.

添加索引：

[root@linuxidc ~]# pt-online-schema-change -u root -plinuxidc  -h127.0.0.1 --alter='add key index_first(first_name)' --execute D=linuxidc,t=linuxidc  No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host linuxidc.com has slaves.

Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.

Operation, tries, wait:

copy_rows, 10, 0.25

create_triggers, 10, 1

drop_triggers, 10, 1

swap_tables, 10, 1

update_foreign_keys, 10, 1

Altering `linuxidc`.`linuxidc`...

Creating new table...

Created new table linuxidc._linuxidc_new OK.

Altering new table...

Altered `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_new` OK.

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Creating triggers...

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Created triggers OK.

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Copying approximately 200 rows...

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Copied rows OK.

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Swapping tables...

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Swapped original and new tables OK.

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Dropping old table...

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Dropped old table `linuxidc`.`_linuxidc_old` OK.

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Dropping triggers...

2016-01-08T18:06:38 Dropped triggers OK.

Successfully altered `linuxidc`.`linuxidc`.