C ++中的运算符
运算符是一个符号,告诉编译器执行特定的数学或逻辑操作。 C ++包含丰富的内置运算符,并提供以下类型的运算符-
算术运算符
关系运算符
逻辑运算符
按位运算符
赋值运算符
杂项运算符
本章将逐一研究算术,关系,逻辑,按位,赋值和其他运算符。
算术运算符
C ++语言支持以下算术运算运算符-
假设变量A持有10,变量B持有20,则-
Operator
Description
Example
+
Adds two operands
A + B will give 30
–
Subtracts second operand from the first
A – B will give -10
*
Multiplies both operands
A * B will give 200
/
Divides numerator by de-numerator
B / A will give 2
%
Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division
B % A will give 0
++
Increment operator, increases integer value by one
A++ will give 11
—
Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one
A– will give 9
关系运算符
C ++语言支持以下关系运算符
假设变量A持有10,变量B持有20,则-
Operator
Description
Example
==
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A == B) is not true.
!=
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.
(A != B) is true.
>
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A > B) is not true.
<
Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A < B) is true.
>=
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A >= B) is not true.
<=
Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A <= B) is true.
逻辑运算符
C ++语言支持以下逻辑运算符。
假设变量A保持1,变量B保持0,则-
Operator
Description
Example
&&
Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then condition becomes true.
(A && B) is false.
||
Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then condition becomes true.
(A || B) is true.
!
Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make false.
!(A && B) is true.
按位运算符
按位运算符对位进行运算并执行逐位操作。 &,|和^的真值表如下-
p
q
p & q
p | q
p ^ q
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
假设A = 60;和B = 13;现在以二进制格式,它们将如下所示-
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
—————–
A&B = 0000 1100
A | B = 0011 1101
A ^ B = 0011 0001
〜A = 1100 0011
下表列出了C ++语言支持的按位运算符。假设变量A保持60,变量B保持13,则-
Operator
Description
Example
&
Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
(A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
|
Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
(A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101
^
Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.
(A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001
~
Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of ‘flipping’ bits.
(~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2’s complement form due to a signed binary number.
<<
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
>>
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111
赋值运算符
C ++语言支持以下赋值运算符-
Operator
Description
Example
=
Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand.
C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
+=
Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-=
Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
C -= A is equivalent to C = C – A
*=
Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
/=
Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand.
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%=
Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand.
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<=
Left shift AND assignment operator.
C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>=
Right shift AND assignment operator.
C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&=
Bitwise AND assignment operator.
C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^=
Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator.
C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|=
Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.
C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2
杂项运算符
下表列出了C ++支持的其他一些运算符。
Sr.No
Operator & Description
1
sizeof
sizeof operator returns the size of a variable. For example, sizeof(a), where ‘a’ is integer, and will return 4.
2
Condition ? X : Y
Conditional operator (?). If Condition is true then it returns value of X otherwise returns value of Y.
3
,
Comma operator causes a sequence of operations to be performed. The value of the entire comma expression is the value of the last expression of the comma-separated list.
4
. (dot) and -> (arrow)
Member operators are used to reference individual members of classes, structures, and unions.
5
Cast
Casting operators convert one data type to another. For example, int(2.2000) would return 2.
6
&
Pointer operator & returns the address of a variable. For example &a; will give actual address of the variable.
7
*
Pointer operator * is pointer to a variable. For example *var; will pointer to a variable var.
C ++中的运算符优先级
运算符优先级确定表达式中术语的分组。这会影响表达式的求值方式。某些运算符具有更高的优先级;例如,乘法运算符的优先级比加法运算符-
例如x = 7 + 3 * 2;在这里,x被赋值为13,而不是20,因为运算符*的优先级比+高,因此它首先与3 * 2相乘,然后加到7。
在此,优先级最高的运算符出现在表格的顶部,优先级最低的运算符出现在表格的底部。在表达式中,优先级较高的运算符将首先被评估。
Category
Operator
Associativity
Postfix
() [] -> . ++ – –
Left to right
Unary
+ – ! ~ ++ – – (type)* & sizeof
Right to left
Multiplicative
* / %
Left to right
Additive
+ -
Left to right
Shift
<< >>
Left to right
Relational
< <= > >=
Left to right
Equality
== !=
Left to right
Bitwise AND
&
Left to right
Bitwise XOR
^
Left to right
Bitwise OR
|
Left to right
Logical AND
&&
Left to right
Logical OR
||
Left to right
Conditional
?:
Right to left
Assignment
= += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |=
Right to left
Comma
,
Left to right