MySQL常用查询

--数据库操作前的准备

-- 创建数据库

-- create database python_test_1 charset=utf8;

 

-- 使用数据库

-- use python_test_1;

 

-- students表

-- create table students(

-- id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,

-- name varchar(20) default '',

-- age tinyint unsigned default 0,

-- height decimal(5,2),

-- gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',

-- cls_id int unsigned default 0,

-- is_delete bit default 0

-- );

 

-- classes表

-- create table classes (

-- id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,

-- name varchar(30) not null

-- );

 

-- 查询练习

    -- 查询所有字段

    -- select * from 表名;

    select * from students;

 

    -- 查询指定字段

    -- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;

    select name,age from students;

 

    

    -- 使用 as 给字段起别名

    -- select 字段 as 名字.... from 表名;

    select name as '姓名',age from students;

 

    

 

    -- select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;

    select students.name from students;

    

    -- 可以通过 as 给表起别名

    -- select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;

    select * from students as s;

 

    select s.name from students as s;

    

    

    

 

    -- 消除重复行(查性别)

    

    -- distinct 字段 不要记有个印象

    select distinct gender from students;

 

    

> < >= <= != <>

-- 条件查询

    -- 比较运算符

        -- select .... from 表名 where .....

        -- >

        -- 查询年纪大于18岁的信息

        select * from students where age > 18;

 

        -- <

        -- 查询年纪小于18岁的信息

        select * from students where age < 18;

        

 

        -- >=

        -- <=

        -- 查询小于等于18岁的信息

        select * from students where age <= 18;

 

        -- =

        -- 查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字

        select * from students where age = 18;

 

        -- != 或者 <>

        -- 查询年龄不为18岁的所有学生的名字

        select * from students where age != 18;

        -- select * from students where age <> 18;

and or not

    -- 逻辑运算符

        -- and

        -- 18和28之间的所以学生信息

        select * from students where age > 18 and age < 28;

 

        -- 18岁以上的女性

        select * from students where age > 18 and gender = '女';

 

        -- or

        -- 18以上或者身高高过180(包含)以上

        select * from students where age > 18 or height >= 180;

        

 

        -- not

        -- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息

        -- select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);

        select * from students where not age > 18 and gender= "女";

 

        select * from students where not (age > 18 and gender = "女");

        

like % _

    -- 模糊查询(where name like 要查询的数据)

        -- like

        -- % 替换任意个

        -- _ 替换1个

        -- 查询姓名中 以 "小" 开始的名字

        select * from students where name like '小%';

        

 

        -- 查询姓名中 有 "小" 所有的名字

        select * from students where name like '%小%';

 

        -- 查询有2个字的名字

        select * from students where name like '__';

 

        -- 查询有3个字的名字

        select * from students where name like '___';

 

        

 

        -- 查询至少有2个字的名字

        select * from students where name like '__%';

 

        select * from students where name not like "__";

        

 

    -- 范围查询

        -- in (1, 3, 8)表示在一个非连续的范围内

        -- 查询 年龄为18或34的姓名

        select * from students where age = 18 or age = 34 ;

        select * from students where age in (18,34);

        

 

        -- not in 不非连续的范围之内

        -- 年龄不是 18或34岁的信息

        select * from students where age not in(18,34);

 

        

        -- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内

        -- 查询 年龄在18到34之间的的信息

        select * from students where age > 18 and age < 34;

        -- between xxx and xxx

        select * from students where age between 18 and 34; --between...and...这是包含两端的数据

        

 

        

        -- not between ... and ...表示不在一个连续的范围内

        -- 查询 年龄不在18到34之间的的信息

 

        select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;

        

 

    -- 空判断

        -- 判空is null

        -- 查询身高为空的信息

        select * from students where height is null;

 

        

 

        -- 判非空is not null

        select * from students where height is not null;

        

order by 字段 asc,desc

 

-- 排序

    -- order by 字段

    -- asc

    -- asc从小到大排列，即升序

    -- desc

    -- desc从大到小排序，即降序

    -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到大到排序

    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender='男' order by age asc;

 

    

 

    -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序

    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender ='女' order by height desc;

    

 

    -- order by 多个字段

    -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序

    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender = '女' order by height desc,age asc;

 

    

-- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序

select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender ='女' order by height desc,age asc,id desc;

    -- 排序有优先级,第一个主排序,后面是次排序,在保证主排序不变的情况下,能排就排,不排就算了

    

 

-- 聚合函数

    -- 总数

    -- count

    -- 查询男性有多少人 count(字段) 要注意如果值有null那么不会进行计算

    select count(*) from students where gender='男';

    

    -- 最大值

    -- max

    -- 查询最大的年龄

    select max(age) from students;

    

    -- 查询女性的最高 身高

    select max(height) from students where gender ='女';

    

 

    -- 最小值

    -- min

    select min(age) from students ;

    

 

    -- 求和

    -- sum

    -- 计算所有人的年龄总和

    select sum(age) from students;

    

    

    -- 平均值

    -- avg

    -- 计算平均年龄

    select avg(age) from students;

    

 

    -- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)

    select sum(age)/count(*) from students;

    

 

    -- 四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数

    -- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数

    select round (avg(age),2) from students;

    

 

    -- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数

    select round(avg(height),2) from students where gender='男';

    select avg(height) from students where gender = '男';

    

 

-- 分组

 

    -- group by

    -- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别

    -- select 分组字段 from 表名 group by 分组字段;

    select gender from students group by gender;

 

    select 分组字段 from 表名 group by 分组字段;

 

    -- 计算每种性别中的人数

    select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;

 

    -- group_concat(...)

    -- 查询同种性别中的姓名

    select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;

    

 

    

    -- 查询每组性别的平均年龄

    select gender,avg(age) from students group by gender;

 

    -- select * from students where

    -- group by xxx having having用在分组条件

    

 

    -- having(注意having和group by 连用 having后通常也要跟 聚合函数)

    -- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名

    select gender ,avg(age) from students group by gender having avg(age) > 30;

    

 

    

    -- 查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息

    select gender,count(*) from students group by gender having count(*) > 2;

    

 

    -- with rollup 汇总的作用(了解)

    --select gender,count(*) from students group by gender with rollup;

    select gender,count(*) from students group by gender with rollup having count(*) >2;

 

    --按性别分组,平均身高大160的女性组的名字

    select gender,avg(height),group_concat(name) from students group by gender having avg(height) > 160 and gender='女';

 

-- limit 起始位置,个数, 这个一定要放在最后

-- 分页

    -- limit start, count

    -- limit 放在最后面(注意)

 

    起始位置 = (页数-1)*每页的个数

    

    -- 限制查询出来的数据个数

    -- 查询前5个数据

    select * from students limit 0,5;

 

    -- 每页显示2个，第1个页面

    select * from students limit 0,2;

    

 

    -- 每页显示2个，第2个页面

    select * from students limit 2,2;

 

    -- 每页显示2个，第3个页面

    select * from students limit 4,2;

 

    -- 每页显示2个，第4个页面

    select * from students limit 6,2;

 

    

 

    -- 每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序

    select * from students order by age asc limit 6,2;

    -- 如果重新排序了,那么会显示第一页

    

 

    

    

    

 

-- 连接查询

    -- inner join ... on

    -- select ... from 表A inner join 表B;

    -- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息

    select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

    

 

    -- 按照要求显示姓名、班级

    select students.name,classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

 

    -- 给数据表起名字

    select s.name,c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id;

 

    -- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息，显示学生的所有信息 students.*，只显示班级名称 classes.name.

    select students.* ,classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

 

    

    -- 在以上的查询中，将班级名显示在第1列

select classes.name,students.* from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

 

    -- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级名进行排序

    select classes.name,students.* from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id order by classes.name asc;

 

    

    

    -- 当时同一个班级的时候，按照学生的id进行从小到大排序

    select classes.name,students.* from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id order by classes.name asc,students.id asc;

 

    #如果是group by 条件使用having

    #如果是inner join条件使用on

    #其他都用where

 

    -- left join

    -- 查询每位学生对应的班级信息

    select * from students left join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

    左边的表不管在右边的表中是否找到数据,都显示

 

    -- 查询没有对应班级信息的学生

    select * from students left join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id where classes.name is null;

 

    

    -- right join on

    -- 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成

 

    select * from students right join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

 

select * from classes right join students on students.cls_id = classes.id;

 

    

 

-- 子查询

    -- 标量子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一个数据(一行一列)

    -- 列子查询: 返回的结果是一列(一列多行)

    -- 行子查询: 返回的结果是一行(一行多列)

    

    -- 查询出高于平均身高的信息(height)

    select avg(height) from students;

 

    select * from students where height > 172;

 

    select * from students where height > (select avg(height) from students);

 

    -- 查询学生的班级号能够对应的 学生名字

    select * from students where cls_id in (1,2);

 

    select id from classes;

 

    select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);

省市区三级联动

    

    --数据操作前的准备

    --创建数据库表

    create table areas(

aid int primary key,

atitle varchar(20),

pid int

    );

    --从sql文件中导入数据

    -- source 具体地址/areas.sql;

    source areas.sql;

 

    

    --查询一共有多少个省

    select * from areas where pid is null;

 

    --例1：查询省的名称为“山西省”的所有城市

    select aid from areas where atitle = '山西省';

    select * from areas where pid = (select aid from areas where atitle = '山西省');

 

    select * from areas as a1 inner join areas as a2 on a1.pid = a2.aid where a2.atitle='山西省';

 

    --例2：查询市的名称为“广州市”的所有区县

    select * from areas where pid = (select aid from areas where atitle = '广州市');

    

select * from areas as a1 inner join areas as a2 on a1.pid = a2.aid where a2.atitle='广州市';