Android界面编程与视图组件——Android初探

Android应有的所有UI组件都继承了View类，View组件非常类似于Swing编程的JPanel，它代表一个空白的矩形区域。

View类还有一个重要的子类：ViewGroup，但它通常作为其他组件的容器使用。

Android的所有UI组件都是建立在View、ViewGroup基础之上的，Android采用了“组合器”设计模式来设计View和ViewGroup。对于Android图形用户界面来说，ViewGroup作为容器来盛装其他组件，而ViewGroup里除了包含View外，还可以再次包含ViewGroup。

 

View类的xml属性（官方链接--https://developer.android.google.cn/reference/kotlin/android/view/View?hl=en#xml-attributes）

android:accessibilityHeading	Whether or not this view is a heading for accessibility purposes.
android:alpha	alpha property of the view, as a value between 0 (completely transparent) and 1 (completely opaque).
android:background	A drawable to use as the background.
android:clickable	Defines whether this view reacts to click events.
android:contentDescription	Defines text that briefly describes content of the view.
android:drawingCacheQuality	Defines the quality of translucent drawing caches.
android:duplicateParentState	When this attribute is set to true, the view gets its drawable state (focused, pressed, etc.) from its direct parent rather than from itself.
android:fadeScrollbars	Defines whether to fade out scrollbars when they are not in use.
android:fadingEdgeLength	Defines the length of the fading edges.
android:filterTouchesWhenObscured	Specifies whether to filter touches when the view's window is obscured by another visible window.
android:fitsSystemWindows	Boolean internal attribute to adjust view layout based on system windows such as the status bar.
android:focusable	Controls whether a view can take focus.
android:focusableInTouchMode	Boolean that controls whether a view can take focus while in touch mode.
android:focusedByDefault	Whether this view is a default-focus view.
android:hapticFeedbackEnabled	Boolean that controls whether a view should have haptic feedback enabled for events such as long presses.
android:id	Supply an identifier name for this view, to later retrieve it with View.
android:isScrollContainer	Set this if the view will serve as a scrolling container, meaning that it can be resized to shrink its overall window so that there will be space for an input method.
android:keepScreenOn	Controls whether the view's window should keep the screen on while visible.
android:keyboardNavigationCluster	Whether this view is a root of a keyboard navigation cluster.
android:layerType	Specifies the type of layer backing this view.
android:layoutDirection	Defines the direction of layout drawing.
android:longClickable	Defines whether this view reacts to long click events.
android:minHeight	Defines the minimum height of the view.
android:minWidth	Defines the minimum width of the view.
android:nextClusterForward	Defines the next keyboard navigation cluster.
android:nextFocusDown	Defines the next view to give focus to when the next focus is android.
android:nextFocusLeft	Defines the next view to give focus to when the next focus is android.
android:nextFocusRight	Defines the next view to give focus to when the next focus is android.
android:nextFocusUp	Defines the next view to give focus to when the next focus is android.
android:onClick	Name of the method in this View's context to invoke when the view is clicked.
android:outlineAmbientShadowColor	Sets the color of the ambient shadow that is drawn when the view has a positive Z or elevation value.
android:outlineSpotShadowColor	Sets the color of the spot shadow that is drawn when the view has a positive Z or elevation value.
android:padding	Sets the padding, in pixels, of all four edges.
android:paddingBottom	Sets the padding, in pixels, of the bottom edge; see android.
android:paddingEnd	Sets the padding, in pixels, of the end edge; see android.
android:paddingHorizontal	Sets the padding, in pixels, of the left and right edges; see android.
android:paddingLeft	Sets the padding, in pixels, of the left edge; see android.
android:paddingRight	Sets the padding, in pixels, of the right edge; see android.
android:paddingStart	Sets the padding, in pixels, of the start edge; see android.
android:paddingTop	Sets the padding, in pixels, of the top edge; see android.
android:paddingVertical	Sets the padding, in pixels, of the top and bottom edges; see android.
android:requiresFadingEdge	Defines which edges should be faded on scrolling.
android:rotation	rotation of the view, in degrees.
android:rotationX	rotation of the view around the x axis, in degrees.
android:rotationY	rotation of the view around the y axis, in degrees.
android:saveEnabled	If false, no state will be saved for this view when it is being frozen.
android:scaleX	scale of the view in the x direction.
android:scaleY	scale of the view in the y direction.
android:scrollX	The initial horizontal scroll offset, in pixels.
android:scrollY	The initial vertical scroll offset, in pixels.
android:scrollbarAlwaysDrawHorizontalTrack	Defines whether the horizontal scrollbar track should always be drawn.
android:scrollbarAlwaysDrawVerticalTrack	Defines whether the vertical scrollbar track should always be drawn.
android:scrollbarDefaultDelayBeforeFade	Defines the delay in milliseconds that a scrollbar waits before fade out.
android:scrollbarFadeDuration	Defines the delay in milliseconds that a scrollbar takes to fade out.
android:scrollbarSize	Sets the width of vertical scrollbars and height of horizontal scrollbars.
android:scrollbarStyle	Controls the scrollbar style and position.
android:scrollbarThumbHorizontal	Defines the horizontal scrollbar thumb drawable.
android:scrollbarThumbVertical	Defines the vertical scrollbar thumb drawable.
android:scrollbarTrackHorizontal	Defines the horizontal scrollbar track drawable.
android:scrollbarTrackVertical	Defines the vertical scrollbar track drawable.
android:scrollbars	Defines which scrollbars should be displayed on scrolling or not.
android:soundEffectsEnabled	Boolean that controls whether a view should have sound effects enabled for events such as clicking and touching.
android:stateListAnimator	Sets the state-based animator for the View.
android:tag	Supply a tag for this view containing a String, to be retrieved later with View.
android:textAlignment	Defines the alignment of the text.
android:textDirection	Defines the direction of the text.
android:theme	Specifies a theme override for a view.
android:transformPivotX	x location of the pivot point around which the view will rotate and scale.
android:transformPivotY	y location of the pivot point around which the view will rotate and scale.
android:transitionName	Names a View such that it can be identified for Transitions.
android:translationX	translation in x of the view.
android:translationY	translation in y of the view.
android:translationZ	translation in z of the view.
android:visibility	Controls the initial visibility of the view.

ViewGroup继承了View，也可以使用这些属性，但它主要还是当做容器类使用。由于它是一个抽象类，实际使用时通常使用它的子类来作为容器，例如各种布局管理器。

ViewGroup控制器控制其子组件的分布依赖于ViewGroup.LayoutParms、ViewGroup.MarginLayoutParams两个内部类，它们都提供了一些xml属性。

在Android Studio中，进行UI界面的编程，可以通过以下几种方式进行设计：

1、使用XML布局文件控制UI界面

在AS中，应用的布局文件资源在/res/layout目录下，需要新增一个布局文件时，只需在该目录下新建一个xml文件，然后通过setContentView(R.id.<资源文件名字>)即可显示相应的视图。

2、在代码中控制UI界面（此处不做细讲，待回头有时间会加上）

3、使用XML和代码混合控制UI界面

 

开发自定义View

当Android系统提供的UI组件不足以满足项目需求时，基于Android组件的实现原理，我们完全可以通过继承View来派生自定义组件，从而开发出项目定制的组件。

首先我们需要定义一个继承View基类的子类，然后重写View的一个或者多个方法（当自定义View时，不一定需要重写其中所有方法）。

通常可以被用户重写的方法有：（下面方法中相关形参已省略）

• 构造器：重写构造器是定制View的最基本方式，创建该类的实例或者根据XML布局文件加载并构建界面时，需要调用该构造器。
• onFinishInflate()：回调方法，当应用从xml布局文件加载该组件并利用它来构造界面后，该方法会被回调。
• onMeasure()：检测View组件及其包含子组件的位置、大小时，被回调
• onLayout()：当该组件需要分配其子组件的位置、大小时，被回调
• onSizeChanged()：当组件大小被改变时，被回调
• onDraw()：将要绘制组件内容时，被回调
• onKeyDown()：某个键被按下时，触发该方法
• onKeyUp()：松开某个键时，触发该方法
• OnTrackballEvent()：当发生轨迹球事件时触发该方法
• onTouchEvent()：当发生触摸屏事件时触发该方法
• onFoucusChanged()：当组件焦点发生改变时，触发该方法
• onWindowFocusChanged()：当包含该组件窗口的可见性发生改变时触发该方法
• onAttacheedToWindow()：当把组件放入某个窗口中时，触发该方法
• onDetachedFromWindow()：当把组件从某个窗口中分离时，触发该方法
• onWindowVisibilityChanged()：当组件的窗口可见性发生改变时，触发该方法