c语言中的getlowbits,C语言中的结构体位域本质(bits field)与应用

基本形式

例如

struct bits{

uint32_t low:9; //低9位

uint32_t middle: 13; //中间13位

uint32_t high: 10; //高10位

};

假设值为0xABCDEF09, 二进制为10101011110011011110111100001001

1010101111 0011011110111 100001001

high(0x2AF) middle(0X6F7) low(0x109)

本质

本质就是位操作(移位/与/或)

对位域进行操作时, 并不是简单的赋值, 比如

struct bits{

uint32_t low:9; //低9位

uint32_t middle: 13; //中间13位

uint32_t high: 10; //高10位

};

struct bits b = {1, 2, 3};

int x = b.middle;

它所对应的汇编如下

struct bits b = {1, 2, 3};

4004e1:0f b7 45 f0 movzwl -0x10(%rbp),%eax

4004e5:66 25 00 fe and $0xfe00,%ax

4004e9:83 c8 01 or $0x1,%eax

4004ec:66 89 45 f0 mov %ax,-0x10(%rbp)

4004f0:8b 45 f0 mov -0x10(%rbp),%eax

4004f3:25 ff 01 c0 ff and $0xffc001ff,%eax

4004f8:80 cc 04 or $0x4,%ah

4004fb:89 45 f0 mov %eax,-0x10(%rbp)

4004fe:0f b7 45 f2 movzwl -0xe(%rbp),%eax

400502:83 e0 3f and $0x3f,%eax

400505:0c c0 or $0xc0,%al

400507:66 89 45 f2 mov %ax,-0xe(%rbp)

int x = b.middle;

40050b:8b 45 f0 mov -0x10(%rbp),%eax

40050e:c1 e8 09 shr $0x9,%eax

400511:66 25 ff 1f and $0x1fff,%ax

400515:0f b7 c0 movzwl %ax,%eax

400518:89 45 fc mov %eax,-0x4(%rbp)

上面的汇编可以看出, 编译器自动帮我们生成了各种移位/与/或相关的位操作.

如果不使用位域, 使用普通的结构体

struct bits{

uint32_t low;

uint32_t middle;

uint32_t high;

};

struct bits b = {1, 2, 3};

int x = b.middle;

对应的汇编是这样的

struct bits b = {1, 2, 3};

4004e1:c7 45 f0 01 00 00 00 movl $0x1,-0x10(%rbp)

4004e8:c7 45 f4 02 00 00 00 movl $0x2,-0xc(%rbp)

4004ef:c7 45 f8 03 00 00 00 movl $0x3,-0x8(%rbp)

int x = b.middle;

4004f6:8b 45 f4 mov -0xc(%rbp),%eax

4004f9:89 45 ec mov %eax,-0x14(%rbp)

就是简单的赋值操作

应用

压缩结构体大小这是网上所提到的最多的作用. 这其实是大材小用了(现在的各种设备内存, 也不差这几个字节). 最适合它的用途是协议解析. 比如aac的adts(总共7个字节), 它的定义是这样的

名称

比特数

说明

syncword

12

must be 0xFFF

ID

1

0 for mpeg-4, 1 for mpeg-2

layer

2

must be 00

protect

1

profile

2

0 for main profile, 1 for low complexity profile, 2 for scalable sampling rate profile, 3 reserved

frequency

4

private

1

channel

3

0:Defined in AOT Specifc Config, 1-6 for channel count, 7 for 8 channel

copy

1

home

1

copyright

1

copyright-start

1

frame-len

13

adts-fullness

11

blocks

2

无

现在定义一个位域结构体来解析它.

typedef union {

struct {

uint64_t padding:8;

uint64_t block:2;

uint64_t fullness: 11;

uint64_t frame_len:13;

uint64_t coypr_s:2;

uint64_t copy_home:2;

uint64_t channel:3;

uint64_t priv:1;

uint64_t freq:4;

uint64_t profile:2;

uint64_t protect:1;

uint64_t layer:2;

uint64_t id:1;

uint64_t syncword:12;

} bits;

uint64_t value;

} adts;

adts h;

//7个字节的头.

uint8_t bytes[7] = {0xFF, 0xF1, 0x5C, 0x80, 0x05, 0x7F, 0xFC};

memcpy(&h.value, bytes, 7);

//一般的系统都是小端, 上面这句拷贝之后, value的值,0x**FC7F05805CF1FF. (*号表示未知)

//需要将其反转一下. 系统并没有ntoh64, 这是自定义的

h.value = ntoh64(h.value);

//...消息头的处理(略)

printf("syncword: %d\n", h.bits.syncword);

printf("channel: %d\n", h.bits.channel);

上面这段代码, 省略了大量的位操作代码, 全部由编译器代劳了.