基础查询
/*
语法:
select 查询列表 from 表名;
特点:
1,查询标中的字段、常量值、表达式、函数
2,查询的结果是一个虚拟表格
*/
SELECT last_name FROM employees;
# 查询表中的多个字段
SELECT last_name,salary,email FROM employees;
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 3,查询表中的所有字段,有两种方法
# 方式一
SELECT
first_name,
last_name,
email,
job_id,
phone_number,
salary,
commission_pct,
manager_id,
department_id,
hiredate
FROM employees;
# 方式二
SELECT * FROM employees;
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 4,查询常量值
SELECT 100;
SELECT 'john';
# 5,查询表达式
SELECT 100%98;
# 6,查询函数
SELECT VERSION();
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 7,起别名
/*
一:便于理解
二:如果要查询的字段有重名的情况,使用别名可以区分开来
*/
# 方式1:使用as
SELECT 100%98 AS 结果 ;
SELECT last_name AS 姓,first_name AS 名 FROM employees;
# 方式2:使用空格
SELECT last_name 姓,first_name 名 FROM employees;
# 案例:查询salary,显示结果为 out put
SELECT salary AS "out put" FROM employees;
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 8,去重 DISTINCT
# 案例:查询员工表中涉及到的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 9,+号的作用
/*
java中+号的作用
1,运算符,两个操作数都为数值型
2,连接符,只要有一个操作数为字符串
mysql中的+号
仅仅只有一个功能:运算符
select 100+90;两个操作数都为数值型,则作加法运算
select '100'+90;其中一方为字符型,试图将字符型数值转换成数值型,
如果转换成功,则继续做加法运算
select 'john'+90;如果转换失败,则将字符型数值转换成0
select null+10;如果其中一方为null,则结果肯定为null;
*/
# 案例:查询员工名和姓连接成一个字段,并且显示为姓名
# select last_name+first_name as 姓名 from employees;
SELECT CONCAT('a','b','c') AS 结果;
# 拼接字符使用concat
SELECT
CONCAT(last_name,first_name) AS 姓名
FROM employees;
#----------------------------------------------------------
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary AS sal FROM employees;
#----------------------------------------------------------
SELECT
employee_id,
last_name,
salary*12 AS "ANNUAL SALARY"
FROM employees;
#----------------------------------------------------------
DESC departments;
SELECT * FROM departments;
SELECT DISTINCT job_id FROM employees;
#----------------------------------------------------------
SELECT IFNULL(commission_pct,0) AS 奖金率,
commission_pct
FROM
employees;
#----------------------------------------------------------
SELECT
CONCAT(first_name,',',last_name,',',email,',',phone_number,',',IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) AS out_put
FROM employees;
条件查询
/*
语法:
select
查询列表
from
表名
where
筛选条件;
分类:
1,按条件表达式筛选
条件运算符:> < = != <> >= <=
2,逻辑表达式筛选
逻辑运算符:
&& || !
and or not
3,模糊查询
like
between and
in
is null
*/
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 1,按条件表达式筛选
# 案例1:查询工资>12000的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary > 12000;
# 案例2:部门编号不等于90的员工名和部门编号
SELECT
last_name,
department_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
department_id <> 90;
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 2,按逻辑表达式查询
# 案例1:工资在10000到20000之间的员工名、工资以及奖金
SELECT
last_name,
salary,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary >= 10000
AND
salary <= 20000;
# 案例2:查询部门编号不是在90到110之间,或者工资高于15000的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
department_id < 90
OR
department_id >110
OR
salary > 15000;
/*
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
not(department_id>=90 and department_id<=110)
OR
salary > 15000;
*/
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 3,模糊查询
/*
%号为通配符,表示任意多个字符
_ 任意单个字符
*/
# 案例1:查询员工名中包含字符a的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE '%a%';
# 案例2:查询员工名中第三个字符为n,第五个字符为l的员工名和工资
SELECT
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE '__n_l%';
# 案例3:查询员工名中第二个字符为_的员工名
# 使用\转义字符,也可以在后面使用escape指定转义字符
SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE '_\_%';
#----------------------------------------------------------
# between and
# 案例1:查询员工编号在100到120之间的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
employee_id >= 100 AND employee_id <= 120;
#----------------------------------------------------------
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
employee_id BETWEEN 100 AND 120;
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 3,in
/*
含义:判断某字段的值是否属于in列表中的某一项
特点:
1,使用in提高语句的简洁度
2,in列表的值类型必须一致或兼容
*/
# 案例1:查询员工的工种编号是IT_PROT、AD_VP、AD_PRES中的一个员工名和工种编号
SELECT
last_name,
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
job_id = 'IT_PROT' OR job_id = 'AD_VP' OR job_id = 'AD_PRES';
#----------------------------------------------------------
SELECT
last_name,
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
job_id IN('IT_PROT', 'AD_VP','AD_PRES');
#----------------------------------------------------------
# 4,is null
/*
=或<>不能用于判断null值
is null 或 is not null可以判断null值
*/
# 案例1:查询没有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
commission_pct IS NULL;
#----------------------------------------------------------
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
# 安全等于:<=>,也可以判断null值.可读性较低。很少使用
SELECT
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary <=> 12000;