DEA模型(数据包络分析)deap2.1操作方法

DEA(数据包络分析)是一种用于效率评估的方法,尤其适用于有多项投入和产出指标的情况。DEAP2.1是一个实施DEA的软件工具。操作步骤包括下载软件、创建数据和参数文件,然后运行程序获取分析结果。结果包括效率总结、产出和投入的松弛变量,提供了技术效率、规模效率和规模报酬变化的信息。该方法对于决策单元的效率分析和优化具有重要意义。

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原文链接:DEA模型(数据包络分析)deap2.1操作方法 - 知乎

DEA模型

数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis,简写为“DEA”)是评价效率的常用方法之一,是运筹学、数理经济学与管理科学交叉研究的一个新领域。它是根据多项投入指标和多项产出指标,利用线性规划的方法,对具有可比性的同类型单位进行相对有效性评价的一种数量分析方法

DEAP 2.1 下载地址(官网):

Software​economics.uq.edu.au/cepa/software

具体操作步骤

检验下载文件是否包含 DEAP.EXE DEAP.000 两个文件,如果有则可以正常使用。

  1. 将数据导入新建的 data.txt 文件(创建空白txt文件之后从excel复制粘贴你的数据)
  2. 创建 input.txt 文件,通过参数设置中具体步骤完成设置(复制下列命令到txt文件中修改)
  3. 打开 DEAP.EXE 程序,在程序中输入 input.txt 回车即可在文件夹中看到 output.txt 文件
    deap 2.1 操作步骤
  • 参数设置
data.txt         DATA FILE NAME
output.txt       OUTPUT FILE NAME
11               NUMBER OF FIRMS
1                NUMBER OF TIME PERIODS
2                NUMBER OF OUTPUTS
3                NUMBER OF INPUTS
1                0=INPUT AND 1=OUTPUT ORIENTATED
1                0=CRS AND 1=VRS
0                0=DEA(MULTI-STAGE), 1=COST-DEA, 2=MALMQUIST-DEA, 3=DEA(1-STAGE),    

  • 参数含义
  1. 数据文件的文件名
  2. 输出文件文件名
  3. 决策单元数量(行)
  4. 时期:截面数据为1,时间数列数据自行设定
  5. 产出个数
  6. 投入个数
  7. 投入导向或者产出导向
  8. 规模报酬不变或者可变(0不变 1可变)
  9. DEA分析方法(选择你需要的模型,模型不同结果也会不同)
  • MULTI-STAGE 方法结果
 EFFICIENCY SUMMARY:
firm  crste  vrste  scale
  1  1.000  1.000  1.000  -
  2  1.000  1.000  1.000  -
  3  1.000  1.000  1.000  -
  4  1.000  1.000  1.000  -
  5  0.968  0.984  0.984 drs
  6  0.889  0.907  0.980 irs
  7  0.854  0.918  0.930 irs
  8  0.900  1.000  0.900 irs
  9  0.975  1.000  0.975 irs
 10  0.993  1.000  0.993 irs
 11  1.000  1.000  1.000  -
mean  0.962  0.983  0.978

SUMMARY OF OUTPUT SLACKS:
 
 firm  output:           1           2
    1                0.000       0.000
    2                0.000       0.000
    3                0.000       0.000
    4                0.000       0.000
    5                0.841       0.000
    6                0.162       0.000
    7                0.000       0.000
    8                0.000       0.000
    9                0.000       0.000
   10                0.000       0.000
   11                0.000       0.000

 mean                0.091       0.000
 
 
 SUMMARY OF INPUT SLACKS:
 
 firm  input:            1           2           3
    1                0.000       0.000       0.000
    2                0.000       0.000       0.000
    3                0.000       0.000       0.000
    4                0.000       0.000       0.000
    5                0.594       0.000       0.125
    6                0.000       0.000       0.169
    7                0.000       0.000       0.130
    8                0.000       0.000       0.000
    9                0.000       0.000       0.000
   10                0.000       0.000       0.000
   11                0.000       0.000       0.000

 mean                0.054       0.000       0.039
  • 结果分析
    EFFICIENCY SUMMARY(效率分析):
  1. firm样本次序;
  2. crste不考虑规模收益是的技术效率(综合效率);
  3. vrste考虑规模收益时的技术效率(技术效率);
  4. scale考虑规模收益时的规模效率(规模效率);
  5. irs,---,drs,分别表示规模收益递增、不变、递减。
  • SUMMARY OF OUTPUT SLACKS(S-)、SUMMARY OF INPUT SLACKS(S+)分别表示产出和投入指标的松弛变量取值,即原模型中的s值。

名词解释

  1. 技术效率:指在保持决策单元投入不变的情况下,实际产出同理想产出的比值。
  2. 规模报酬:规模报酬是要说明,当生产要素同时增加了一倍,如果产量的增加正好是一倍,称之为规模报酬不变(-),如果产量增加多于一倍,则称之为规模报酬递增(irs),进而,如果产量增加少于一倍,就称为规模报酬递减(drs)。
  3. 决策单元(DMU)就是效率评价的对象,可以理解为一个将一定“投入”转化为一定“产出”的实体。
  4. DEA强有效:任何一项投入的数量都无法减少,除非减少产出的数量或者增加其他至少一种投入的数量;任何一项产出的数量都无法增加,除非增加投入的数量或减少其他至少一种产出的数量。
  5. DEA弱有效:无法等比例减少各项投入的数量,除非减少产出的数量;无法等比例增加各项产出的数量,除非增加投入的数量。这种情况下,虽然不能等比例减少投入或增加产出,但某一项或几项(但不是全部)投入可能减少,所以称为弱有效。

 

DEAP Version 2.1 **************** A DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS PROGRAM by Tim Coelli Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis School of Economics University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia. email: t.coelli@economics.uq.edu.au Web: http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/cepa/ GETTING STARTED: 1. Open the WINDOWS EXPLORER program on your PC. 2. Create a new folder on your hard drive, for example called DEAP, by using the File/New/Folder option. 3. Copy ALL the files associated with DEAP into this folder, using the File/Copy option or by "drag-and-drop". 4. If the files are stored in a DEAP.ZIP file, you will then need to unzip (extract) the files by double-clicking on the zip file and extracting the contents of the zip file into the DEAP folder. FILES USED BY DEAP DEAP uses three text files when it conducts an analysis. These are: - a data file (eg. named eg1-dta.txt) - an instruction file (eg. named eg1-ins.txt) - an output file (eg. named eg1-out.txt) All of these files are text files. They can be edited using many programs. For example, NOTEPAD, WORDPAD, WORD, WORD PERFECT, etc. We suggest you use WORDPAD to view and edit these files. HOW TO RUN THE PROGRAM To practice running DEAP double-click on the DEAP.EXE file name. The program will then ask for an instruction file name. Type in eg1-ins.txt (and hit the RETURN key). DEAP will only take a few seconds to complete this small example. To look at the output file (eg1-out.txt) you then simply double-click on the eg1-out.txt file name. FILE NAMES IN DOS DEAP is a DOS computer program. In DOS all file names must satisfy certain restrictions: - no more than 12 characters - no more than 3 characters after the period (".") - no more than 8 characters before the period That is, the largest possible file name has the form: XXXXXXXX.XXX Since we use text files, the file name will always have "txt" after the period. That is: XXXXXXXX.txt DATA FILE STRUCTURE All data, instruction and output files are text files. In the data file the output columns are listed first followed by the input columns (left to right across the file). If you are doing a cost eff DEA the input price columns are listed to the right of these. If you are doing Malmquist DEA all observations for year 1 are listed first, then those for year 2, and so on down the file. Note that there should be no column names in the data file, only numbers. For further details see the manual. CREATING A NEW INSTRUCTION/COMMAND FILE The easiest way to create a new instruction file is to open an existing instruction file (eg. eg1-ins.txt) using WORDPAD and then save it under a new name (eg. abc2-ins.txt). This is done by using the File/SaveAs option in WORDPAD. Then you can edit the contents of this new file to suit your new analysis. CREATING DATA FILES USING EXCEL Many people store their data in Excel files. To construct a text file from an Excel file, open the file in Excel and then use the File/SaveAs option in Excel and save it as a text file. However, be sure to remove any column names first - the data file should only contain numbers. MANUAL Coelli, T. (1996) 'A Guide to DEAP Version 2.1: A Data Envelopment Analysis (Computer) Program', CEPA Working Paper 96/08, Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, University of New England. A COPY OF THIS GUIDE IS PROVIDED IN THE FILE: DEAP.PDF. For more on these DEA methods see Chapters 6, 7 and 10 in Coelli, Rao and Battese (1998), An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. LIABILITY Every effort has been made to ensure that this software is free of errors. However, the software is supplied without any warranty as to the performance or fitness of the program for any particular purpose. All risk relating to the results and performance of this program is assumed by the user. CEPA shall not be liable for any damages resulting from the use of this product.
### starRC、LEF 和 DEF 文件的 EDA 工具使用教程 #### 关于 starRC 的使用说明 starRC 是由 Synopsys 开发的一款用于寄生参数提取 (PEX) 的工具,在 detail routing 完成之后被调用,以提供精确的电阻电容延迟分析数据[^2]。该工具能够处理复杂的多层互连结构并支持多种工艺节点。 对于 starRC 的具体操作指南,通常可以从官方文档获取最权威的信息。访问 Synopsys 官方网站的技术资源页面,可以找到最新的产品手册以及应用笔记等资料。此外,还可以通过在线帮助系统获得交互式的指导和支持服务。 #### LEF 和 DEF 文件格式解析及其在 Cadence 中的应用 LEF(Library Exchange Format)和 DEF(Design Exchange Format)是两种广泛应用于集成电路布局布线阶段的标准文件格式之一[^3]。前者主要用于描述标准单元库中的元件几何形状;后者则记录了整个芯片版图的设计信息,包括但不限于各个模块的位置关系、网络连接情况等重要细节。 当涉及到这些文件类型的编辑或读取时,Cadence 提供了一系列强大的平台级解决方案,比如 Virtuoso Layout Editor 就可以直接打开并修改 LEF/DEF 格式的项目工程。为了更好地理解和运用这两种文件格式,建议参阅 Cadence 发布的相关培训材料或是参加其举办的专项课程学习活动。 ```bash # 示例命令:查看 LEF 或 DEF 文件内容 cat my_design.lef cat my_design.def ```
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