紫书第10章 数学概念与方法例题


自己挂了场比赛here 密码123456

例题10-1  巨大的斐波那契数! UVA11582

注意:1、找循环节;2、64位要开unsigned long long

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#define ull unsigned long long
using namespace std;
ull f[1010][100010], MOD[1010];
ull quickpoww(ull base, ull n, int Mod){
    ull ans = 1;
    while(n){
    	if(n & 1) ans = (ans * base) % Mod;
        base = (base * base) % Mod;
        n >>= 1;
    }
    return ans;
}
void Init(){
	for(int n = 2; n <= 1000; n++){
		int x = 2;
		f[n][0] = 0, f[n][1] = 1;
	    while(1){
	    	f[n][x] = (f[n][x - 1] + f[n][x - 2]) % n;
	        if(f[n][x] == 1 && f[n][x - 1] == 0){
	        	MOD[n] = x - 1;// 循环节为 x-1 !! 
	        	break;
			}
	        x++;
	    }
	}
}
int main(){
	Init();
	int T;
	scanf("%d", &T);
	while(T--){
		ull a, b, n;
	    scanf("%llu%llu%llu", &a, &b, &n);
		if(n == 1) printf("0\n");	
	    else printf("%llu\n", f[n][quickpoww(a % MOD[n], b, MOD[n])]);
	}
    return 0;
} 

例题10-2  不爽的裁判  UVA12169

拓展欧几里德算法

设a,b,c为任意整数,g = gcd(a,b),方程ax+by=g的一组解是(x0,y0),则当c是g的倍数时,ax+by=c的一组解是(x0*c/g,y0*c/g);当c不是g的倍数时无整数解。

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<vector>
#include<iostream>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
using namespace std;
static const int Mod = 10001;
ll x[110];
vector<ll> ans;
void exgcd(ll a, ll b, ll& d, ll& x, ll& y){
    if(!b){ d = a; x = 1; y = 0;}
    else { exgcd(b, a % b, d, y, x); y -= x * (a / b);}
}
int main(){
    int T;
    scanf("%d", &T);
    for (int i = 1; i <= T; i++) scanf("%lld", &x[i]);
    for (ll a = 0; a <= 10000; a++){
        bool flag = true;
        ans.clear();
        ll t = x[2] - a * a * x[1], b, d, k;
        exgcd(a + 1, Mod, d, b, k);
        if(t % d) continue;
        b = b * t / d;
        b = (b % Mod + Mod) % Mod;
        for (int i = 1; i <= T; i++){
            ll h = (a * x[i] + b) % Mod;
            ans.push_back(h);
            if(i < T && (a * h + b) % Mod != x[i + 1]){
                flag = false; break;
            }
        }
        if(flag){
            for (int i = 0; i < T; i++) printf("%lld\n", ans[i]);
            break;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

例题10-3  选择与除法  UVA10375

唯一分解定理:将X写成若干素数相乘的形式,通过指数的加减来避免高精度乘除。

X=P_{1}^{a_{1}}P_{2}^{a_{2}}P_{3}^{a_{3}}...

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<vector>
#include<iostream>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
#define MAXN 10000
using namespace std;
bool is_prime[MAXN + 5];
vector <int> prime;
int e[MAXN + 5];
void Init(){
    memset(is_prime, true, sizeof(is_prime));
    for(int i = 2; i <= MAXN; i++){
        if(is_prime[i]) prime.push_back(i);
        for(int j = 0; j < prime.size() && i * prime[j] <= MAXN; j++){
            is_prime[i * prime[j]] = false;
            if(i % prime[j] == 0) break;
        }
    }
}
void add_factorial(int n, int a){
    for(int k = 1; k <= n; k++){
        int p = k;
        for(int i = 0; i < prime.size() && p > 1; i++){    
            while(p % prime[i] == 0){
                p /= prime[i];
                e[i] += a;
            }
        }
    }
}
int main(){
    int p, q, r, s;
    Init();
    while(cin >> p >> q >> r >> s){
        memset(e, 0, sizeof(e));
        add_factorial(p, 1);
        add_factorial((p - q), -1);
        add_factorial(q, -1);
        add_factorial(r, -1);
        add_factorial((r - s), 1);
        add_factorial(s, 1);
        double ans = 1;
        for(int i = 0; i < prime.size(); i++) ans *= pow(prime[i], e[i]);
        printf("%.5lf\n", ans);
    }
    return 0;
}

例题10-4  最小公倍数的最小和  UVA10791

唯一分解定理。由于题目要求至少两个正整数,则需要仔细考虑特殊情况。

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
using namespace std;
int main(){
    ll n, kase = 0;
    while(scanf("%lld", &n) && n != 0){
        ll sum = 0, q = sqrt(n + 1), cnt = 0;//cnt用来确认至少有两个正整数
        for(int i = 2; i <= q && n > 1; i++){
            ll t = 1; bool flag = false;
            while(n % i == 0){
                n /= i;
                t *= i;
                if(!flag) cnt++; flag = true;
            }
            if(t > 1) sum += t;
        }
        if(n != 1 || cnt == 0) {
            cnt ++;
            sum += n;
        }
        if(cnt == 1) sum ++;
        printf("Case %lld: %lld\n", ++kase, sum);
    }
    
}

例题10-5  GCD等于XOR  UVA12716

观察可得c=a-b。再筛一筛就ojbk。

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
#define MAXN 30000000
using namespace std;
ll ans[MAXN];
void Init(){
    int a, b, c;
    for(c = 1; c <= MAXN / 2; c++){
        for(int k = 2; k * c <= MAXN; k++){
            a = k * c, b = a - c;
            if((a ^ b) == c) ans[a]++;
        }
    }
    for(int i = 2; i <= MAXN; i++) ans[i] += ans[i - 1];
}
int main(){
    Init();
    int T, n, Case = 0;
    scanf("%d", &T);
    while(T--){
        scanf("%d", &n);
        printf("Case %d: %lld\n", ++Case, ans[n]);
    }
    return 0;
}

例题10-6  无关的元素  UVA1635

唯一分解定理

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
#define MAXM 32000
using namespace std;
bool is_prime[100000];
int n, m;
vector <int > prime, ans, factor, e;
void Init(){
    memset(is_prime, true, sizeof(is_prime));
    for(int i = 2; i <= MAXM; i++){
        if(is_prime[i]) prime.push_back(i);
        for(int j = 0; j < prime.size() && i * prime[j] <= MAXM; j++){
            is_prime[i * prime[j]] = false;
            if(i % prime[j] == 0) break;
        }
    }
}
void Init2(){
    ans.clear();
    factor.clear();
    e.clear();
    for(int i = 0; i < prime.size() && m > 1; i++){
        if(m % prime[i] == 0){
            factor.push_back(prime[i]);
            int cnt = 0;
            while(m % prime[i] == 0){m /= prime[i]; cnt--;}
            e.push_back(cnt); 
        }
    }
    if(m != 1){factor.push_back(m), e.push_back(-1);}
}
bool add_factor(int x, int y){
    bool flag = true;
    for(int i = 0; i < factor.size(); i++){
        while(x % factor[i] == 0){ x /= factor[i]; e[i]++;}
        while(y % factor[i] == 0){ y /= factor[i]; e[i]--;}
        if(e[i] < 0) flag = false;
    }
    return flag;  
}
int main(){
    Init();
    while(scanf("%d%d", &n, &m) != EOF){
        Init2();
        for(int i = 1; i < n; i++)
            if(add_factor(n - i, i)) ans.push_back(i + 1);
        printf("%d\n", ans.size());
        for(int i = 0; i < ans.size(); i++){
            if(i) printf(" ");
            printf("%d", ans[i]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;    
}

例题10-7  交表  UVA10820

欧拉函数(根据容斥定理推导)

\varphi (n)=n(1-\frac{1}{p^{1}})(1-\frac{1}{p^{2}})...(1-\frac{1}{p^{k}})

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
#define MAXN 50000
using namespace std;
int phi[MAXN + 5], sum[MAXN + 5], ans[MAXN + 5];
void phi_table(){
    for(int i = 2; i <=  MAXN; i++) phi[i] = 0;
    phi[1] = 1;
    for(int i = 2; i <= MAXN; i++)
    if(!phi[i]){
        for(int j = i; j <= MAXN; j += i){
            if(!phi[j]) phi[j] = j;
            phi[j] = phi[j] / i * (i-1);
        }
    }
}
void Init(){
    phi_table();
    for(int i = 1; i <= MAXN; i++){
        sum[i] = sum[i-1] + phi[i]; 
        ans[i] = 2 * sum[i] - 1;
    }
}
int main(){
    Init();
    int n;
    while(scanf("%d", &n) && n != 0) printf("%d\n", ans[n]);
    return 0;
}

例题10-8  密码  UVA1262

解码问题

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
using namespace std;
char s1[10][10], s2[10][10];
int vis[30];
vector<int> code[10];
int ans[10];
int main(){
    int T, n;
    scanf("%d", &T);
    while(T--){
        bool flag = true;
        scanf("%d", &n); n--;
        for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++)scanf("%s", s1[i]);
        for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) scanf("%s", s2[i]);
        for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){
            code[i].clear();
            for(int j = 0; j < 26; j++) vis[j] = 0;
            for(int j = 0; j < 6; j++){
                vis[s1[j][i] - 'A'] = 1;
            }
            for(int j = 0; j < 6; j++){
                if(vis[s2[j][i] - 'A']){
                    code[i].push_back(s2[j][i] - 'A');
                    vis[s2[j][i] - 'A'] = 0;
                }
            }
            if(code[i].empty()){
                printf("NO\n");
                flag = false;
            }
            if(!flag) break;
            sort(code[i].begin(), code[i].end());
        }
        if(!flag) continue;
        for(int i = 4; i >= 0; i--){
            ans[i] = n % code[i].size();
            n /= code[i].size();
        }
        if(n) printf("NO");
        else for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) printf("%c",  code[i][ans[i]] + 'A');
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

例题10-9  决斗  UVA1636

简单概率问题

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
using namespace std;
char s[110];
int main(){
    double sho, rot;
    while(scanf("%s", s) != EOF){
        int len = strlen(s), cnt0 = 0, cnt_live = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < len; i++){
            cnt0 += (s[i] == '0');
            cnt_live += (s[i] == '0' && s[(i + 1) % len] == '0');
        } 
        rot = 1.0 * cnt0 / len;
        sho = 1.0 * cnt_live / cnt0;
        if(rot > sho) printf("ROTATE\n");
        else if(rot == sho) printf("EQUAL\n");
        else printf("SHOOT\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

例题10-10  奶牛和轿车  UVA10491

稍难一点的概率问题

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
using namespace std;
int main(){
    int a, b, c;
    while(cin >> a >> b >> c) printf("%.5lf\n", 1.0 * b * (a + b - 1) / (a + b) / (a + b - c - 1));
    return 0;
}

例题10-11  条件概率  UVA11181

再难一点点的概率问题

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
using namespace std;
int vis[30], n;
double p[30], sum[30];
double dfs(int s, int r){
    if(r == 0){
        double t = 1.0;
        for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) t = (vis[i]) ? t * p[i] : t * (1 - p[i]);
        for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) if(vis[i] == 1) sum[i] += t;
        return t;
    }
    double ans = 0;
    for(int i = s; i <= n - r + 1; i++){
        if(!vis[i]){
            vis[i] = 1;
            ans += dfs(i + 1, r - 1);
            vis[i] = 0;
        }
    }
    return ans;
}
int main(){
    int r, Case = 0;
    while(scanf("%d%d", &n, &r) && n != 0){
        memset(vis, 0, sizeof(vis));
        memset(sum, 0, sizeof(sum));
        for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) scanf("%lf", &p[i]);
        double Sum = dfs(1, r);
        printf("Case %d:\n", ++Case);
        for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
            printf("%.6lf\n", sum[i] / Sum);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

例题10-12  纸牌游戏  UVA1637

概率dp

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#include<map>
#define ll long long
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
using namespace std;
int p[15][10], top[15], vis[2000000];
double dp[2000000];
map <char, int> Map;
char s[10];
void Init(){
    Map['6'] = 1;
    Map['7'] = 2;
    Map['8'] = 3;
    Map['9'] = 4;
    Map['T'] = 5;
    Map['J'] = 6;
    Map['Q'] = 7;
    Map['K'] = 8;
    Map['A'] = 9;
}
double dfs(int id, int card){
    if(!card) return 1;
    if(vis[id]) return dp[id];
    int res = 0; double t = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++){ if(top[i] >= 0)
        for(int j = i + 1; j < 9; j++){
            if(top[j] >= 0 && p[i][top[i]] == p[j][top[j]]){
                res++;
                top[i]--; top[j]--;
                t = t + dfs(id - pow(5, i) - pow(5, j), card - 2);
                top[i]++; top[j]++;
            }
        }
    }
    vis[id] = 1;
    if(!res) return dp[id] = 0;
    else return dp[id] = t / res;
}
bool read(){
    memset(vis, 0, sizeof(vis));
    for(int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
        top[i] = 3;
        for(int j = 0; j < 4; j++){
            if(scanf("%s", s) == EOF) return false;
            p[i][j] = Map[s[0]]; 
        }
    }
    return true;
}
int main(){
    Init();
    while(read()) printf("%.6lf\n", dfs(pow(5, 9), 36));
    return 0;
}

 

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