这两天学习了Linux的系统方面的东西,学会了一些简单的排错和用现成的文件来制作一个U盘的Linux系统,下面就来演示一下详细的步骤。
1、在centos6.9上插入u盘 看下U盘的相关信息
(这边为了方便操作我就切换到xshell上进行操作)
2、利用fdisk命令对U盘进行分区格式化[root@centos6 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32245809152 bytes
256 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3905 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16128 * 512 = 8257536 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 39 314464+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 40 1340 10491264 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@centos6 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
78624 inodes, 314464 blocks
15723 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152
39 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2016 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@centos6 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2
3、创建一个挂载点,并将我们刚刚建立的2个U盘分区挂载上去[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir -p /tmp/boot
[root@centos6 ~]# ls /tmp
boot keyring-dQVPwJ keyring-MtYRmg keyring-U1wqmD virtual-root.4yczcz virtual-root.ivKObv virtual-root.QfwDEj virtual-root.YpwmBN
keyring-0PXRKt keyring-FAGGVf keyring-OjUrUw keyring-U6CkKb virtual-root.935Iku virtual-root.Kf3cCN virtual-root.QKOJ49 virtual-root.yzuNVP
keyring-0zm5yK keyring-fctEWf keyring-oVuEAV keyring-uIU214 virtual-root.BZJAZn virtual-root.kFzhZg virtual-root.SzhArD virtual-root.z2ZJDM
keyring-4SQsBp keyring-Jj9Uah keyring-PPS6qi keyring-UR5rTa virtual-root.csJuJc virtual-root.m8oh4c virtual-root.tF2RFN virtual-root.Zp1uZO
keyring-9jyhhf keyring-jjOXEk keyring-QmUXxK keyring-xJe77w virtual-root.Dl64O8 virtual-root.mHOha1 virtual-root.U67uRD
keyring-awemTb keyring-jNtfXv keyring-QXIXud keyring-ZgyZiQ virtual-root.FBwmZL virtual-root.P46v4l virtual-root.wCeOAD
keyring-cG67Bz keyring-k906K1 keyring-SZmKKd keyring-ZyIOHx virtual-root.FRTIbN virtual-root.PaWX5z virtual-root.XJiOZD
keyring-CGwjId keyring-LAL2Yu keyring-ta1two virtual-root.0PDZHS virtual-root.FwrG1I virtual-root.qDRD78 virtual-root.yMpchT
[root@centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /tmp/boot/
[root@centos6 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 100660656 6056588 89484068 7% /
/dev/sda1 991512 34696 905616 4% /boot
/dev/sdb1 296341 2062 278556 1% /tmp/boot
4、利用grub-install命令将我们的grub相关信息写入U盘的boot文件中[root@centos6 ~]# grub-install --root-directory=/tmp /dev/sdb
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /tmp/boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.
(fd0)/dev/fd0
(hd0)/dev/sda
(hd1)/dev/sdb
5、查看一下我们写入的东西,可以明显的看到/dev/sdb上已经有了MBR的引导文件[root@centos6 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 3.7G 0 rom
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 97.7G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 48.8G 0 part
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 1G 0 part
├─sda6 8:6 0 2G 0 part
└─sda7 8:7 0 203.9M 0 part
sdb 8:16 1 30G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 1 307.1M 0 part /tmp/boot
└─sdb2 8:18 1 10G 0 part
[root@centos6 ~]# ls /tmp/boot/
grub lost+found
[root@centos6 ~]# hexdump -^C
[root@centos6 ~]# hexdump -C -n 512 /dev/sdb
00000000 eb 48 90 45 58 46 41 54 20 20 20 00 00 00 00 00 |.H.EXFAT .....|
00000010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00000030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 02 |................|
00000040 ff 00 00 20 01 00 00 00 00 02 fa 90 90 f6 c2 80 |... ............|
00000050 75 02 b2 80 ea 59 7c 00 00 31 c0 8e d8 8e d0 bc |u....Y|..1......|
00000060 00 20 fb a0 40 7c 3c ff 74 02 88 c2 52 f6 c2 80 |. ..@|<.t...r...>
00000070 74 54 b4 41 bb aa 55 cd 13 5a 52 72 49 81 fb 55 |tT.A..U..ZRrI..U|
00000080 aa 75 43 a0 41 7c 84 c0 75 05 83 e1 01 74 37 66 |.uC.A|..u....t7f|
00000090 8b 4c 10 be 05 7c c6 44 ff 01 66 8b 1e 44 7c c7 |.L...|.D..f..D|.|
000000a0 04 10 00 c7 44 02 01 00 66 89 5c 08 c7 44 06 00 |....D...f.\..D..|
000000b0 70 66 31 c0 89 44 04 66 89 44 0c b4 42 cd 13 72 |pf1..D.f.D..B..r|
000000c0 05 bb 00 70 eb 7d b4 08 cd 13 73 0a f6 c2 80 0f |...p.}....s.....|
000000d0 84 f0 00 e9 8d 00 be 05 7c c6 44 ff 00 66 31 c0 |........|.D..f1.|
000000e0 88 f0 40 66 89 44 04 31 d2 88 ca c1 e2 02 88 e8 |..@f.D.1........|
000000f0 88 f4 40 89 44 08 31 c0 88 d0 c0 e8 02 66 89 04 |..@.D.1......f..|
00000100 66 a1 44 7c 66 31 d2 66 f7 34 88 54 0a 66 31 d2 |f.D|f1.f.4.T.f1.|
00000110 66 f7 74 04 88 54 0b 89 44 0c 3b 44 08 7d 3c 8a |f.t..T..D.;D.}<.>
00000120 54 0d c0 e2 06 8a 4c 0a fe c1 08 d1 8a 6c 0c 5a |T.....L......l.Z|
00000130 8a 74 0b bb 00 70 8e c3 31 db b8 01 02 cd 13 72 |.t...p..1......r|
00000140 2a 8c c3 8e 06 48 7c 60 1e b9 00 01 8e db 31 f6 |*....H|`......1.|
00000150 31 ff fc f3 a5 1f 61 ff 26 42 7c be 7f 7d e8 40 |1.....a.&B|..}.@|
00000160 00 eb 0e be 84 7d e8 38 00 eb 06 be 8e 7d e8 30 |.....}.8.....}.0|
00000170 00 be 93 7d e8 2a 00 eb fe 47 52 55 42 20 00 47 |...}.*...GRUB .G|
00000180 65 6f 6d 00 48 61 72 64 20 44 69 73 6b 00 52 65 |eom.Hard Disk.Re|
00000190 61 64 00 20 45 72 72 6f 72 00 bb 01 00 b4 0e cd |ad. Error.......|
000001a0 10 ac 3c 00 75 f4 c3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..<.u...........>
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 |................|
000001c0 01 00 83 ff 3f 26 3f 00 00 00 c1 98 09 00 00 00 |....?&?.........|
000001d0 01 27 83 ff ff ff 00 99 09 00 00 2b 40 01 00 00 |.'.........+@...|
000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.|
00000200
6、将我们本身系统里面的虚拟磁盘文件和内核文件拷贝到我们的U盘系统上面的boot文件夹里,并查看一下[root@centos6 ~]# cd /tmp/boot/grub/
[root@centos6 grub]# pwd
/tmp/boot/grub
[root@centos6 grub]# cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64 /tmp/boot/
[root@centos6 grub]# cp /boot/initramfs-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64.img /tmp/boot/
[root@centos6 grub]# cd ..
[root@centos6 boot]# pwd
/tmp/boot
[root@centos6 boot]# ls
grub initramfs-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64.img lost+found vmlinuz-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64
7、手动编写启动的配置文件[root@centos6 boot]# vim ./grub/grub.conf
[root@centos6 boot]# cat ./grub/grub.conf
default=0
timeout-3
title=minilinux
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64 root=UUID=f47fa85a-8703-4694-bb54-067e90d2fbdf selinux=0 init=/bin/bash
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64.img
8、利用tree命令直接看一下/boot目录下的所有东西[root@centos6 boot]# tree
.
├── grub
│ ├── device.map
│ ├── e2fs_stage1_5
│ ├── fat_stage1_5
│ ├── ffs_stage1_5
│ ├── grub.conf
│ ├── iso9660_stage1_5
│ ├── jfs_stage1_5
│ ├── minix_stage1_5
│ ├── reiserfs_stage1_5
│ ├── stage1
│ ├── stage2
│ ├── ufs2_stage1_5
│ ├── vstafs_stage1_5
│ └── xfs_stage1_5
├── initramfs-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64.img
├── lost+found
└── vmlinuz-2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64
2 directories, 16 files
9、再创建一个文件夹,把/dev/sdb2挂载上去,并创建根目录下的常见文件夹[root@centos6 boot]# mkdir /tmp/rootfs
[root@centos6 boot]# mount /dev/sdb2 /tmp/rootfs/
[root@centos6 boot]# cd /tmp/rootfs/
[root@centos6 rootfs]# ls
lost+found
[root@centos6 rootfs]# mkdir -pv {root,bin,sbin,bin,lib,lib64,var,usr,etc,dev,sys,proc,tmp,mnt,media,home}
mkdir: created directory `root'
mkdir: created directory `bin'
mkdir: created directory `sbin'
mkdir: created directory `lib'
mkdir: created directory `lib64'
mkdir: created directory `var'
mkdir: created directory `usr'
mkdir: created directory `etc'
mkdir: created directory `dev'
mkdir: created directory `sys'
mkdir: created directory `proc'
mkdir: created directory `tmp'
mkdir: created directory `mnt'
mkdir: created directory `media'
mkdir: created directory `home'
[root@centos6 rootfs]# tree
.
├── bin
├── dev
├── etc
├── home
├── lib
├── lib64
├── lost+found
├── media
├── mnt
├── proc
├── root
├── sbin
├── sys
├── tmp
├── usr
└── var
16 directories, 0 files
10、写一个脚本,把我们需要的命令和命令所依赖的库文件全部拷贝到我们的U盘系统里面[root@centos6 bin]# vim copycmd.sh
[root@centos6 bin]# cat copycmd.sh
#!/bin/bash
ch_root="/tmp/rootfs"
[ ! -d $ch_root ] && mkdir $ch_root
bincopy() {
if which $1 &>/dev/null; then
local cmd_path=`which --skip-alias $1`
local bin_dir=`dirname $cmd_path`
[ -d ${ch_root}${bin_dir} ] || mkdir -p ${ch_root}${bin_dir}
[ -f ${ch_root}${cmd_path} ] || cp $cmd_path ${ch_root}${bin_dir}
return 0
else
echo "Command not found."
return 1
fi
}
libcopy() {
local lib_list=$(ldd `which --skip-alias $1` | grep -Eo '/[^[:space:]]+')
for loop in $lib_list;do
local lib_dir=`dirname $loop`
[ -d ${ch_root}${lib_dir} ] || mkdir -p ${ch_root}${lib_dir}
[ -f ${ch_root}${loop} ] || cp $loop ${ch_root}${lib_dir}
done
}
read -p "Please input a command: " command
while [ "$command" != "quit" ];do
if bincopy $command ;then
libcopy $command
fi
read -p "Please input a command or quit: " command
done
[root@centos6 bin]# bash copycmd.sh
Please input a command: bash
Please input a command or quit: ls
Please input a command or quit: ifconfig
Please input a command or quit: cp
Please input a command or quit: mv
Please input a command or quit: rm
Please input a command or quit: cat
Please input a command or quit: tree
Please input a command or quit: reboot
Please input a command or quit: ping
Please input a command or quit: blkid
Please input a command or quit: lsblk
Please input a command or quit: ip
Please input a command or quit: quit
11、查看一下我们U盘系统里面的相关信息[root@centos6 bin]# tree /tmp/rootfs/
/tmp/rootfs/
├── bin
│ ├── bash
│ ├── cat
│ ├── cp
│ ├── ls
│ ├── lsblk
│ ├── mv
│ ├── ping
│ └── rm
├── dev
├── etc
├── home
├── lib
├── lib64
│ ├── ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
│ ├── libacl.so.1
│ ├── libattr.so.1
│ ├── libaudit.so.1
│ ├── libblkid.so.1
│ ├── libcap.so.2
│ ├── libc.so.6
│ ├── libdl.so.2
│ ├── libgcc_s.so.1
│ ├── libidn.so.11
│ ├── libnih.so.1
│ ├── libpthread.so.0
│ ├── libresolv.so.2
│ ├── librt.so.1
│ ├── libselinux.so.1
│ ├── libtinfo.so.5
│ └── libuuid.so.1
├── lost+found
├── media
├── mnt
├── proc
├── root
├── sbin
│ ├── blkid
│ ├── ifconfig
│ ├── ip
│ └── reboot
├── sys
├── tmp
├── usr
│ └── bin
│ └── tree
└── var
17 directories, 30 files
12、查看一下我们本身系统的网卡模块,并且把它拷贝一份到我们的U盘系统上[root@centos6 bin]# ethtool -i eth0
Cannot get driver information: No such device
[root@centos6 bin]# ethtool -i eth2
driver: e1000
version: 7.3.21-k8-NAPI
firmware-version:
bus-info: 0000:02:01.0
supports-statistics: yes
supports-test: yes
supports-eeprom-access: yes
supports-register-dump: yes
supports-priv-flags: no
[root@centos6 bin]# locate e1000
/lib/modules/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000
/lib/modules/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000e
/lib/modules/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000/e1000.ko
/lib/modules/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000e/e1000e.ko
/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/drivers/net/e1000
/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/drivers/net/e1000e
/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/drivers/net/e1000/Makefile
/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/drivers/net/e1000e/Makefile
/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/include/config/e1000.h
/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/include/config/e1000e.h
[root@centos6 bin]# cp /lib/modules/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000/e1000.ko /tmp/rootfs/l
lib/ lib64/ lost+found/
[root@centos6 bin]# cp /lib/modules/2.6.32-696.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000/e1000.ko /tmp/rootfs/lib
[root@centos6 bin]# bash copycmd.sh
Please input a command: insmod
Please input a command or quit: quit
13、最后查看一次系统相关信息,检查一下自己的各项配置,就可以用sync命令把信息同步一样,把U盘退出去插在别的电脑或在本机启动时选择使用
[root@centos6 bin]# tree /tmp/rootfs/
/tmp/rootfs/
├── bin
│ ├── bash
│ ├── cat
│ ├── cp
│ ├── ls
│ ├── lsblk
│ ├── mv
│ ├── ping
│ └── rm
├── dev
├── etc
├── home
├── lib
│ └── e1000.ko
├── lib64
│ ├── ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
│ ├── libacl.so.1
│ ├── libattr.so.1
│ ├── libaudit.so.1
│ ├── libblkid.so.1
│ ├── libcap.so.2
│ ├── libc.so.6
│ ├── libdl.so.2
│ ├── libgcc_s.so.1
│ ├── libidn.so.11
│ ├── libnih.so.1
│ ├── libpthread.so.0
│ ├── libresolv.so.2
│ ├── librt.so.1
│ ├── libselinux.so.1
│ ├── libtinfo.so.5
│ └── libuuid.so.1
├── lost+found
├── media
├── mnt
├── proc
├── root
├── sbin
│ ├── blkid
│ ├── ifconfig
│ ├── insmod
│ ├── ip
│ └── reboot
├── sys
├── tmp
├── usr
│ └── bin
│ └── tree
└── var
17 directories, 32 files
[root@centos6 bin]# sync