python中datatype函数,Python中的函数式数据类型

For anyone who's spent some time with sml, ocaml, haskell, etc. when you go back to using C, Python, Java, etc. you start to notice things you never knew were missing. I'm doing some stuff in Python and I realized what I really want is a functional-style datatype like (for example)

datatype phoneme = Vowel of string | Consonant of voice * place * manner

datatype voice = Voiced | Voiceless

datatype place = Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal

datatype manner = Stop | Affricate | Fricative | Nasal | Lateral

type syllable = phoneme list

Does anyone have a particular way that they like to simulate this in Python?

解决方案

As sth indicated, your voice, place, and manner types are just enumerated types. There are a number of ways to implement those, such as

class voice(object):

Voiced, Voiceless = range(2)

Then you can refer to voice.Voiced and voice.Voiceless, and so forth.

The problem is types like phoneme. In C the usual way to implement something like that would be to hold your nose and use a union. In something like python, you use polymorphism. First, figure out what operations you're going to perform on the phoneme type. Then, implement those operations as member functions of a Vowel class and a Consonant class. In C++ you'd make those member functions virtual and make an abstract base class for Vowel and Consonant; in python you can get away without doing that thanks to duck typing, although you might still find a base class to be useful.

So,

class Vowel(object):

def SomeInitialMethod(self):

# ...

class Consonant(object):

def SomeInitialMethod(self):

# ...

p.SomeInitialMethod() # p can be either vowel or consonant

def SomeLaterFunction(p)

# p is assumed to be either a Vowel or a Consonant

if isinstance(p, Vowel):

# ...

elif isinstance(p, Consonant):

# ...