java persistence 2.0_Java Persistence 2.0 发布草稿

【IT168 资讯】Linda DeMichiel 说道：Java Persistence 2.0 发布草稿计划本周发布，我认为现在是时候浏览新版本的新功能。如果你熟悉之前发布的JPA 2.0第一个规格草稿，你应该了解它的重点是O/R mapping 改进。公开的草稿基于这些改进，改进的方式主要通过扩展Java 持久查询语言(Java Persistence Query Language:JPQL)和通过新的API标准。

因为草稿包含了许多部分，所以分为两个部分，一个部分是新的JPQL功能，另一个部分是API标准。

之前的草稿支持元素收集element collections，嵌套类nested embeddable classes，内嵌支持实体关系，生成详图maps，以及JPQL语法必需的次序化修改，让通过映射类型查询更加容易编写。更多的是，为JPQL添加了一些其他的非常需要的功能。

Navigation

扩展了点“.”导航语法，来处理内嵌关系。比如我们有一个Employee entity，内嵌 ContactInfo 类用来存储联系信息，拥有通过ContactInfo 内嵌提供的电话号码：

@Entity public class Employee {

@Id int empId;

String name;

@ManyToOne Department dept;

ContactInfo contactInfo;

...

}

@Embeddable public class ContactInfo {

Address address;

@OneToMany Set phones;

...

}

@Embeddable public class Address {

String street;

String city;

String zipcode;

...

}

@Entity public class Phone {

@Id int phoneId;

String areaCode;

String localNumber;

String internalExtension;

PhoneType phoneType;

@ManyToOne Account billedTo;

...

}

@Entity public class Employee {

@Id int empId;

String name;

@ManyToOne Department dept;

ContactInfo contactInfo;

...

}

@Embeddable public class ContactInfo {

Address address;

@OneToMany Set phones;

...

}

@Embeddable public class Address {

String street;

String city;

String zipcode;

...

}

@Entity public class Phone {

@Id int phoneId;

String areaCode;

String localNumber;

String internalExtension;

PhoneType phoneType;

@ManyToOne Account billedTo;

...

}

如果你需要获得employees 的电话号码，可以这样使用：

SELECT DISTINCT p.billedTo

FROM Employee e JOIN e.contactInfo.phones p

WHERE e.contactInfo.address.zipcode = '95054' AND p.phonetype = PhoneType.OFFICE

SELECT DISTINCT p.billedTo

FROM Employee e JOIN e.contactInfo.phones p

WHERE e.contactInfo.address.zipcode = '95054' AND p.phonetype = PhoneType.OFFICE

Maps

支持生成map功能，我们可以添加KEY和VALUE操作符，来提取map key 和mao value。缺省的，相同的value指向一个联合Map类型表示map value，所以，严格说起来，VALUE 操作符 主要用于文档目标。

比如，我们有一个map 图片名称和文件名称对应：

@Entity public class PictureCategory {

@Id String name;

@ElementCollection Map photos;

...

}

@Entity public class PictureCategory {

@Id String name;

@ElementCollection Map photos;

...

}

为了搜索我的某个egret图片，我这样写：

SELECT VALUE(p)

FROM PictureCategory c JOIN c.photos p

WHERE c.name = 'birds' AND KEY(p) LIKE '%egret%'

SELECT VALUE(p)

FROM PictureCategory c JOIN c.photos p

WHERE c.name = 'birds' AND KEY(p) LIKE '%egret%'

这样写也可以：

SELECT p

FROM PictureCategory c JOIN c.photos p

WHERE c.name = 'birds' AND KEY(p) LIKE '%egret%'

SELECT p

FROM PictureCategory c JOIN c.photos p

WHERE c.name = 'birds' AND KEY(p) LIKE '%egret%'

下面是另一个例子：

Sql代码

@Entity public class VideoStore {

@Id int id;

String name;

Address location;

@ElementCollection Map videoInventory;

...

}

@Entity public class Movie {

@Id int id;

String title;

String director;

@ManyToMany Set stars;

...

}

@Entity public class VideoStore {

@Id int id;

String name;

Address location;

@ElementCollection Map videoInventory;

...

}

@Entity public class Movie {

@Id int id;

String title;

String director;

@ManyToMany Set stars;

...

}

在新的规格语言中，KEY(p) and VALUE(p)是 通用确认变量 ：这意味着它们能用于更多的导航，因此，要搜索在Sun's Santa Clara campus附近的 Vertigo 电影院，可以这样写：

SELECT v.location.street

FROM VideoStore v JOIN v.videoInventory i

WHERE v.location.zipcode = '95054' AND KEY(i).title = 'Vertigo' AND VALUE(i) > 0

SELECT v.location.street

FROM VideoStore v JOIN v.videoInventory i

WHERE v.location.zipcode = '95054' AND KEY(i).title = 'Vertigo' AND VALUE(i) > 0

Map entries 不支持浏览，但是能够被选择，返回一个 java.util.Map.Entry 类型 作为结果。

SELECT v.location.street, ENTRY(i)

FROM VideoStore v JOIN v.videoInventory i

WHERE v.location.zipcode = '95054' AND KEY(i).director = 'Hitchcock' AND VALUE(i) > 0

SELECT v.location.street, ENTRY(i)

FROM VideoStore v JOIN v.videoInventory i

WHERE v.location.zipcode = '95054' AND KEY(i).director = 'Hitchcock' AND VALUE(i) > 0

Ordered Lists

Ordered lists 是另外一个经常需要的功能。JPA 1.0支持list作为集合类型，但是不包括支持维护一个持久排序。在JPA 2.0之前草稿，我们添加了记载OrderColumn annotation功能，这意味着当你处理列表排序的时候，持久化提供者需要使用分离的列来维护列表排序。JPQL INDEX操作符允许你在排序中查询。

比如，一个部门管理者需要维护职员的等级，进行加薪操作：

@Entity public class Employee {

@Id int empId;

String name;

@ManyToOne Department dept;

...

}

@Entity

public class Department {

@Id int deptId;

String name;

@OneToMany(mappedBy="dept") @OrderColumn List members;

...

}

@Entity public class Employee {

@Id int empId;

String name;

@ManyToOne Department dept;

...

}

@Entity

public class Department {

@Id int deptId;

String name;

@OneToMany(mappedBy="dept") @OrderColumn List members;

...

}

下面查询返回市场部门的最高级别职员：

SELECT e

FROM Employee e JOIN e.dept d

WHERE d.name='Marketing' AND INDEX(e) < 5

SELECT e

FROM Employee e JOIN e.dept d

WHERE d.name='Marketing' AND INDEX(e) < 5

Non-polymorphic Queries

另外一个添加到JPQL的是支持 Non-polymorphic Queries非多态查询。

TYPE操作符允许你选择entity的类型和限制查询为一个或多个entity类型。

如果我们有一个职员Employee 继承FullTimeEmployee，PartTimeEmployee, and Contractor 字类，我们能这样写查询：

SELECT e

FROM Employee e JOIN e.dept d

WHERE d.name = 'Marketing' AND TYPE(e) IN (PartTimeEmployee, Contractor)

SELECT e

FROM Employee e JOIN e.dept d

WHERE d.name = 'Marketing' AND TYPE(e) IN (PartTimeEmployee, Contractor)

PartTimeEmployee 和 Contractor 是 entity 名字. (重调用entity名字，缺省的，相当于entity类的唯一名字。)

IN操作符扩展接收集合数值参数，可以这样写：

SELECT e

FROM Employee e

WHERE TYPE(e) IN :empTypes

SELECT e

FROM Employee e

WHERE TYPE(e) IN :empTypes

参数传递给查询作为class对象集合。

entity type 也能返回作为查询结果：

SELECT TYPE(e), e.name

FROM Employee e JOIN e.dept d

WHERE d.name='Marketing'

SELECT TYPE(e), e.name

FROM Employee e JOIN e.dept d

WHERE d.name='Marketing'

当查询运行，employee type 作为class对象返回。

Case Expressions

另外查询语言添加了对case expressions支持，现在也支持NULLIF 和 COALESCE 操作符。

下面是例子：

SELECT c, CASE WHEN c.annualSpending > 10000 THEN 'Premier'

WHEN c.annualSpending > 5000 THEN 'Gold'

WHEN c.annualSpending > 2000 THEN 'Silver'

ELSE 'Bronze'

END

FROM Customer c

SELECT c, CASE WHEN c.annualSpending > 10000 THEN 'Premier'

WHEN c.annualSpending > 5000 THEN 'Gold'

WHEN c.annualSpending > 2000 THEN 'Silver'

ELSE 'Bronze'

END

FROM Customer c

update操作：

UPDATE EMPLOYEE e

SET e.salary = CASE e.rating WHEN 1 THEN e.salary * 1.1

WHEN 2 THEN e.salary * 1.05

ELSE e.salary * 1.001

END

UPDATE EMPLOYEE e

SET e.salary = CASE e.rating WHEN 1 THEN e.salary * 1.1

WHEN 2 THEN e.salary * 1.05

ELSE e.salary * 1.001

END

NULLIF 操作符非常有用：

SELECT AVG(NULLIF(e.salary, -99999))

FROM Employee e

SELECT AVG(NULLIF(e.salary, -99999))

FROM Employee e

Scalar Expressions in the SELECT clause

JPA 1.0支持在WHERE语句中的分级表达式，它不在SELECT语言中支持，在之前的查询演示中，这个经常性需求功能已经被加入了。