数据结构对齐

一、 C语言字节对齐问题

https://www.cnblogs.com/clover-toeic/p/3853132.html

二、结构体对齐准则

先来看四个重要的基本概念：

1. 数据类型自身的对齐值：char型数据自身对齐值为1字节，short型数据为2字节，int/float型为4字节，double型为8字节。
2. 结构体或类的自身对齐值：其成员中自身对齐值最大的那个值。
3. 指定对齐值：#pragma pack (value)时的指定对齐值value。
4. 数据成员、结构体和类的有效对齐值：自身对齐值和指定对齐值中较小者，即有效对齐值=min{自身对齐值，当前指定的pack值}。

三、共同体的sizeof也要考虑对齐

union
{
	int a;
	char b[6];
}u1;

int main()
{
   printf("sizeof(u1) = %d\n", sizeof(u1));
   return 0;
}

sizeof(u1) = 8

四、单独数据在内存中的存储按照数据本身的对齐

其实内存可以当作1个大结构体

int main()
{
	int a;
	char b;
	char c1, c2;
	short d1, d2;
   	printf("%#x\n", &a);
	printf("%#x\n", &b);
	printf("%#x\n", &c1);
	printf("%#x\n", &c2);
	printf("%#x\n", &d1);
	printf("%#x\n", &d2);
   return 0;
}
0x9352d158
0x9352d157
0x9352d156
0x9352d155
0x9352d152
0x9352d150

五、_attribute_((_packed_))

struct stru1
{
    int a;
    char b;
    short c;
    char d;
};
struct stru2
{
    int a;
    char b;
    short c;
    char d;
    char e;
}__attribute__((__packed__));

int main()
{
    stru1 s1, s2;
    stru2 s3, s4;
    cout << "sizeof(stru1) = " << sizeof(stru1) << endl;
    cout << "sizeof(stru2) = " << sizeof(stru2) << endl;
    cout << "---------------" << endl;
    cout << "&s1 = " << (unsigned long*)&s1 << endl;
    cout << "&s2 = " << (unsigned long*)&s2 << endl;
    cout << "&s3 = " << (unsigned long*)&s3 << endl;
    cout << "&s4 = " << (unsigned long*)&s4 << endl;
   return 0;
}

sizeof(stru1) = 12
sizeof(stru2) = 9
---------------
&s1 = 0x7fff8206d9e0
&s2 = 0x7fff8206d9f0
&s3 = 0x7fff8206d9c0
&s4 = 0x7fff8206d9d0