给 Web 开发者的 Flutter 指南
本文是为那些熟悉用 HTML 与 CSS 语法来管理应用页面中元素的开发者准备的。本文会将 HTML/CSS 代码片段替换为等价的 Flutter/Dart 代码。
This page is for users who are familiar with the HTML and CSS syntax for
arranging components of an application’s UI. It maps HTML/CSS code snippets to
their Flutter/Dart code equivalents.
One of the fundamental differences between designing a web
layout and a Flutter layout, is learning how constraints work,
and how widgets are sized and positioned. To learn more,
see Understanding constraints.
这些示例包含如下假设：
The examples assume:
HTML 文件以 开头，且为了与 Flutter 模型保持一致，所有 HTML 元素的 CSS 盒模型被设置为 border-box。
The HTML document starts with , and the CSS box model
for all HTML elements is set to border-box,
for consistency with the Flutter model.
{
box-sizing: border-box;
}
在 Flutter 中，为了保持语法简洁，”Lorem ipsum” 文本的默认样式由如下 bold24Roboto 变量定义：
In Flutter, the default styling of the “Lorem ipsum” text is defined by the
bold24Roboto variable as follows, to keep the syntax simple:
TextStyle bold24Roboto = TextStyle(
color: Colors.white,
fontSize: 24,
fontWeight: FontWeight.w900,
);
React-style 或 声明式 编程与传统的命令式风格有何不同？为了对比，请查阅 声明式 UI 介绍。
How is react-style, or declarative, programming different than the
traditional imperative style?
For a comparison, see Introduction to declarative
UI.
执行基础布局操作
Performing basic layout operations
以下示例将向你展示如何执行最常见的 UI 布局操作。
The following examples show how to perform the most common UI layout tasks.
文本样式与对齐
Styling and aligning text
CSS 所处理的字体样式、大小以及其他文本属性，都是一个 Text widget 子元素 TextStyle 中单独的属性。
Font style, size, and other text attributes that CSS handles with the font and
color properties are individual properties of a
TextStyle
child of a
Text widget.
Text widget 中的 textAlign 属性与 CSS 中的 text-align 属性作用相同，用来控制文本的对齐方向。
For text-align property in CSS that is used for aligning text, there is a textAlign property of a Text widget.
在 HTML 和 Flutter 中，子元素或者 widget 都默认锚定在左上方。
In both HTML and Flutter, child elements or widgets are anchored at
the top left, by default.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Georgia;
text-align: center;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
textAlign: TextAlign.center,
style: TextStyle(
fontSize: 24,
fontWeight: FontWeight.w900,
fontFamily: "Georgia",
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
设置背景颜色
设置背景颜色
Setting background color
在 Flutter 中，你可以通过 Container 的
decoration 或者 color 属性来设置背景颜色。但是，你不能同时设置这两个属性，这有可能导致 decoration 覆盖掉 color。当背景是简单的颜色时，应首选 color 属性，对于其他情况，如渐变或图像，推荐使用 decoration 属性。
In Flutter, you set the background color using the
color property or the decoration property of a Container. However, you cannot
supply both, since it would potentially result in the decoration drawing over
the background color. The color property should be preferred when the background is a simple color.
For other cases, such as gradients or images, use the decoration property.
CSS 示例使用十六进制颜色，这等价于材质调色板。
The CSS examples use the hex color equivalents to the Material color palette.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.grey[300],
),
);
居中元素
Centering components
一个 Center widget 可以将它的子元素水平和垂直居中。
A Center widget
centers its child both horizontally and vertically.
要用 CSS 实现相似的效果，父元素需要使用一个 flex 或者 table-cell 显示布局。本节示例使用的是 flex 布局。
To accomplish a similar effect in CSS, the parent element uses either a flex
or table-cell display behavior. The examples on this page show the flex
behavior.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
设置容器宽度
Setting container width
要指定一个 Container
widget 的宽度，请使用它的 width 属性。和 CSS 中的 max-width 属性用于指定容器可调整的宽度最大值不同的是，这里指定的是一个固定宽度。要在 Flutter 中模拟该效果，可以使用 Container 的 constraints 属性。新建一个带有 minWidth 和 maxWidth 属性的
BoxConstraints widget。
To specify the width of a
Container
widget, use its width property. This is a fixed width, unlike the
CSS max-width property that adjusts the container width up to a maximum value.
To mimic that effect in Flutter, use the constraints property of the
Container. Create a new BoxConstraints
widget with a minWidth or maxWidth.
对嵌套的 Container 来说，如果其父元素宽度小于子元素宽度，则子元素会调整尺寸以匹配父元素大小。
For nested Containers, if the parent’s width is less than the child’s width,
the child Container sizes itself to match the parent.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
width: 100%;
max-width: 240px;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Container( // red box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
width: 240,//max-width is 240
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
操控位置与大小
Manipulating position and size
以下示例将展示如何对 widget 的位置、大小以及背景进行更复杂的操作。
The following examples show how to perform more complex operations on widget
position, size, and background.
设置绝对位置
Setting absolute position
默认情况下， widget 相对于其父元素定位。
By default, widgets are positioned relative to their parent.
要通过 x-y 坐标指定一个 widget 的绝对位置，把它嵌套在一个 Positioned
widget 中，而该 widget 则需被嵌套在一个
Stack widget 中。
To specify an absolute position for a widget as x-y coordinates, nest it in a
Positioned
widget that is, in turn, nested in a
Stack widget.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
position: relative;
}
.redbox {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
position: absolute;
top: 24px;
left: 24px;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Stack(
children: [
Positioned( // red box
child: Container(
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
left: 24,
top: 24,
),
],
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
旋转元素
Rotating components
要旋转一个 widget，请将它嵌套在 Transform widget 中。使用 Transform widget 的 alignment 和 origin
属性分别来指定转换原点(支点)的相对和绝对位置信息。
To rotate a widget, nest it in a
Transform
widget. Use the Transform widget’s alignment and origin properties to
specify the transform origin (fulcrum) in relative and absolute terms,
respectively.
对于简单的 2D 旋转，widget 是依据弧度在 Z 轴上旋转的，创建一个新的 Matrix4 标志对象，并使用它的 rotateZ() 方法使用弧度系数 (角度 × π / 180) 以指定旋转系数。
For a simple 2D rotation, in which the widget is rotated on the Z axis, create a new Matrix4 identity object and use
its rotateZ() method to specify the rotation factor using radians (degrees × π / 180).
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
transform: rotate(15deg);
}
var container = Container( // gray box
child: Center(
child: Transform(
child: Container( // red box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
textAlign: TextAlign.center,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
alignment: Alignment.center,
transform: Matrix4.identity()
..rotateZ(15 * 3.1415927 / 180),
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
缩放元素
Scaling components
要缩放或放大一个 widget，请将它嵌套在一个
Transform
widget 中。使用 Transform widget 的 alignment 和 origin 属性分别来指定缩放原点(支点)的相对和绝对信息。
To scale a widget up or down, nest it in a
Transform
widget. Use the Transform widget’s alignment and origin
properties to specify the transform origin (fulcrum) in relative or
absolute terms, respectively.
对于沿 x 轴的简单缩放操作，新建一个 Matrix4 标识对象并用它的 scale() 方法来指定缩放因系数。
For a simple scaling operation along the x-axis, create a new
Matrix4
identity object and use its scale() method to specify the scaling factor.
当你缩放一个父 widget 时，它的子 widget 也会相应被缩放。
When you scale a parent widget, its child widgets are scaled accordingly.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
transform: scale(1.5);
}
var container = Container( // gray box
child: Center(
child: Transform(
child: Container( // red box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
textAlign: TextAlign.center,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
alignment: Alignment.center,
transform: Matrix4.identity()
..scale(1.5),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
应用线性变换
Applying a linear gradient
要将线性变换应用在 widget 的背景上，请将它嵌套在一个
Container widget 中。然后用 Container widget 的 decoration 属性生成一个
BoxDecoration 对象，然后使用 BoxDecoration 的 gradient 属性来变换背景填充内容。
To apply a linear gradient to a widget’s background, nest it in a
Container
widget. Then use the Container widget’s decoration property to create a
BoxDecoration
object, and use BoxDecoration’s gradient property to transform the
background
fill.
变换“角度”基于 Alignment (x, y) 取值来定：
The gradient “angle” is based on the Alignment (x, y) values:
If the beginning and ending x values are equal, the gradient is vertical
(0° | 180°).
如果开始和结束的 x 值相同，变换将是垂直的(0°
180°)。
If the beginning and ending y values are equal, the gradient is horizontal
(90° | 270°).
如果开始和结束的 y 值相同，变换将是水平的(90°
270°)。
垂直变换
Vertical gradient
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
background: linear-gradient(180deg, #ef5350, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 80%);
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Container( // red box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
gradient: LinearGradient(
begin: const Alignment(0.0, -1.0),
end: const Alignment(0.0, 0.6),
colors: [
const Color(0xffef5350),
const Color(0x00ef5350)
],
),
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
水平变换
Horizontal gradient
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
background: linear-gradient(90deg, #ef5350, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 80%);
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Container( // red box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
gradient: LinearGradient(
begin: const Alignment(-1.0, 0.0),
end: const Alignment(0.6, 0.0),
colors: [
const Color(0xffef5350),
const Color(0x00ef5350)
],
),
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
操控图形
Manipulating shapes
以下示例将展示如何新建和自定义图形。
The following examples show how to make and customize shapes.
圆角
Rounding corners
在矩形上实现圆角，请用
[BoxDecoration][]
对象的 borderRadius 属性。新建一个
[BorderRadius][]
对象来指定每个圆角的半径大小。
To round the corners of a rectangular shape, use the borderRadius property
of a
[BoxDecoration][]
object. Create a new
[BorderRadius][]
object that specifies the radii for rounding each corner.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* gray 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
border-radius: 8px;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Container( // red circle
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
borderRadius: BorderRadius.all(
const Radius.circular(8),
),
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
添加盒阴影 (box shadows)
Adding box shadows
在 CSS 中你可以通过 box-shadow 属性快速指定阴影偏移与模糊范围。本例展示了两个盒阴影的属性设置：
In CSS you can specify shadow offset and blur in shorthand,
using the box-shadow property. This example shows two box shadows,
with properties:
xOffset: 0px, yOffset: 2px, blur: 4px, color: black @80% alpha
xOffset: 0px, yOffset: 06x, blur: 20px, color: black @50% alpha
在 Flutter 中，每个属性与其取值都是单独指定的。请使用 BoxDecoration 的 boxShadow 属性来生成一系列
[BoxShadow][]
widget。你可以定义一个或多个
BoxShadow widget，这些 widget 共同用于设置阴影深度、颜色等等。
In Flutter, each property and value is specified separately.
Use the boxShadow property of BoxDecoration to create a list of
BoxShadow widgets. You can define one or multiple
BoxShadow widgets, which can be stacked
to customize the shadow depth, color, and so on.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8),
0 6px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Container( // red box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
boxShadow: [
BoxShadow (
color: const Color(0xcc000000),
offset: Offset(0, 2),
blurRadius: 4,
),
BoxShadow (
color: const Color(0x80000000),
offset: Offset(0, 6),
blurRadius: 20,
),
],
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.grey[300],
),
margin: EdgeInsets.only(bottom: 16),
);
生成圆与椭圆
Making circles and ellipses
尽管 CSS 中有 基础图形，用 CSS 生成圆可以用一个变通方案，即将矩形的四边 border-radius 均设成50%。
Making a circle in CSS requires a workaround of applying a border-radius of
50% to all four sides of a rectangle, though there are
basic shapes.
虽然 BoxDecoration
的 borderRadius 属性支持这样设置，Flutter 为
BoxShape enum
提供一个 shape 属性用于实现同样的目的。
While this approach is supported with the borderRadius property of
BoxDecoration, Flutter provides a shape property with
BoxShape enum for this purpose.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* gray 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redcircle {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
text-align: center;
width: 160px;
height: 160px;
border-radius: 50%;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Container( // red circle
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: bold24Roboto,
textAlign: TextAlign.center,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
shape: BoxShape.circle,
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
width: 160,
height: 160,
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
操控文本
Manipulating text
以下示例展示了如何设置字体和其他文本属性。他们同时还展示了如何变换文本字符、自定义间距以及生成摘要。
The following examples show how to specify fonts and other text attributes. They
also show how to transform text strings, customize spacing, and create excerpts.
文字间距调整
Adjusting text spacing
在 CSS 中你可以通过分别给 letter-spacing 和 word-spacing
属性的长度赋值来指定每个字母��及每个单词间的空白距离。距离的单位可以是 px, pt, cm, em 等等。
In CSS you specify the amount of white space between each letter or word by
giving a length value for the letter-spacing and word-spacing properties,
respectively. The amount of space can be in px, pt, cm, em, etc.
在 Flutter 中，你可以在 Text widget 子元素
TextStyle
的 letterSpacing 与 wordSpacing 属性中将间距设置为逻辑像素(允许负值)。
In Flutter, you specify white space as logical pixels
(negative values are allowed)
for the letterSpacing and wordSpacing properties of a
TextStyle child of a Text widget.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
letter-spacing: 4px;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Container( // red box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum",
style: TextStyle(
color: Colors.white,
fontSize: 24,
fontWeight: FontWeight.w900,
letterSpacing: 4,
),
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
内联样式更改
Making inline formatting changes
一个 Text widget
允许你展示同一类样式的文本。为了展现具有多种样式(本例中，是一个带重音的单词)的文本，需要改用 RichText widget。它的 text 属性可以指定一个或多个可以单独设置样式的
TextSpan widget。
A Text widget lets you display text with some
formatting characteristics. To display text that uses
multiple styles (in this example,
a single word with emphasis), use a RichText
widget instead. Its text property can specify one or more
TextSpan widgets
that can be individually styled.
在接下来的示例中，”Lorem” 位于 TextSpan widget 中，具有默认(继承)文本样式，”ipsum” 位于具有自定义样式、单独的一个 TextSpan 中。
In the following example, “Lorem” is in a TextSpan widget with the default
(inherited) text styling, and “ipsum” is in a separate TextSpan with custom
styling.
Lorem ipsum
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
}
.redbox em {
font: 300 48px Roboto;
font-style: italic;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Container( // red box
child: RichText(
text: TextSpan(
style: bold24Roboto,
children: [
TextSpan(text: "Lorem "),
TextSpan(
text: "ipsum",
style: TextStyle(
fontWeight: FontWeight.w300,
fontStyle: FontStyle.italic,
fontSize: 48,
),
),
],
),
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
生成文本摘要
Creating text excerpts
一个摘要会展示一个段落中文本的初始行内容，并常用省略号处理溢出的文本内容。在 HTML/CSS 中，摘录不能超过一行。在多行之后进行截断需要运行一些 JavaScript 代码。
An excerpt displays the initial line(s) of text in a paragraph, and handles the
overflow text, often using an ellipsis. In HTML/CSS an excerpt can be no longer
than one line. Truncating after multiple lines requires some JavaScript code.
在 Flutter 中，使用 Text
widget 的 maxLines 属性来指定包含在摘要中的行数，以及 overflow 属性来处理溢出文本。
In Flutter, use the maxLines property of a
Text
widget to specify the number of lines to include in the excerpt, and the
overflow property for handling overflow text.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consec etur
.greybox {
background-color: #e0e0e0; /* grey 300 */
width: 320px;
height: 240px;
font: 900 24px Roboto;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.redbox {
background-color: #ef5350; /* red 400 */
padding: 16px;
color: #ffffff;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
white-space: nowrap;
}
var container = Container( // grey box
child: Center(
child: Container( // red box
child: Text(
"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consec etur",
style: bold24Roboto,
overflow: TextOverflow.ellipsis,
maxLines: 1,
),
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.red[400],
),
padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
),
),
width: 320,
height: 240,
color: Colors.grey[300],
);
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