IT 面试中,数据库的相关问题基本上属于必考问题,而其中关于sql语句也是经常考察的一个重要知识点。
下面介绍下sql语句中一个比较重要的操作group by,他的重要行一方面体现在他的理解困难度,一方面体现应用中的长见性。
首先,给出一个studnet学生表:
CREATE TABLE `student` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
`sex` tinyint(1) DEFAULT '0',
`score` int(10) NOT NULL,
`dept` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=8 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
添加一些测试数据:
mysql> select * from student where id<10;
+----+------+------+-------+---------+
| id | name | sex | score | dept |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+
| 1 | a | 1 | 90 | dev |
| 2 | b | 1 | 90 | dev |
| 3 | b | 0 | 88 | design |
| 4 | c | 0 | 60 | sales |
| 5 | c | 0 | 89 | sales |
| 6 | d | 1 | 100 | product |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+
给出需求,写出sql:
给出各个部门最高学生的分数。
要想得到各个部门学生,首先就要分组,按照部门把他们分组,然后在各个部门中找到分数最高的就可以了。
所以sql语句为:
mysql> select *, max(score) as max from student group by dept order by name;
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
| id | name | sex | score | dept | max |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
| 1 | a | 1 | 90 | dev | 90 |
| 3 | b | 0 | 88 | design | 88 |
| 4 | c | 0 | 60 | sales | 89 |
| 6 | d | 1 | 100 | product | 100 |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这只是个简单的例子,我们可以再把这个例子复杂化,比如分数最高的必须是女生,即sex列值必须为1才挑选出,这时的sql语句应该为:
mysql> select *,max(score) as max from student group by dept having sex='1' order by name;
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
| id | name | sex | score | dept | max |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
| 1 | a | 1 | 90 | dev | 90 |
| 6 | d | 1 | 100 | product | 100 |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.46 sec)
这里我们没有用where语句而是用了having,这里简单说明一下,因为我们的条件是在分组后进行的,其实分组前挑选出sex=‘1‘,然后再按照dept部门分组,也是可行的,这里就要看题目是怎么要求的:
mysql> select *,max(score) as max from student where sex='1' group by dept order by name;
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
| id | name | sex | score | dept | max |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
| 1 | a | 1 | 90 | dev | 90 |
| 6 | d | 1 | 100 | product | 100 |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.05 sec)
查询出的结果时一致的,如果把选择条件改为必须部门所有人的分数之和大于150才能把分数最高的部门的人列出来,这里就必须使用having了,因为 having 里面可以使用聚合函数sum,并且也必须分完组我们才能得到这个组的总分数,才能比较是否该值大于150:
mysql> select *,max(score) as max from student group by dept having sum(score)>150 order by name;
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
| id | name | sex | score | dept | max |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
| 1 | a | 1 | 90 | dev | 90 |
| 6 | d | 1 | 100 | product | 100 |
+----+------+------+-------+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
额外增加一个例子,比如我要选出不重复的部门,我们可以使用
mysql> select distinct dept from student;
+---------+
| dept |
+---------+
| dev |
| design |
| sales |
| product |
+---------+
4 rows in set (0.02 sec)
但是如果我们还要列出他的id等一些其他信息,我们如果这样:
mysql> select name,distinct dept from student;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'distinct dept from student' at line 1
这是不行的,因为distinct只能放到开始位置,如果:
mysql> select distinct dept,name from student;
+---------+------+
| dept | name |
+---------+------+
| dev | a |
| dev | b |
| design | b |
| sales | c |
| product | d |
| product | m |
+---------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
为什么没有达到预期的效果,因为distinct 作用到了2个字段上,这时,我们就需要groub by 出场了。
mysql> select dept,name from student group by dept;
+---------+------+
| dept | name |
+---------+------+
| design | b |
| dev | a |
| product | d |
| sales | c |
+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
按照dept分组,自然就达到去重的目的了。所以有时候如果我们碰到了一个问题很难解决,比如用distinct去重,并带上其他列值,我们就需要尝试换个思路,可能答案自然就找到了。
原文:http://blog.csdn.net/fujiafeihudui/article/details/38402467