【电信学】【2017.08】5G及下一代网络的系统容量增强

本文为英国贝德福德大学（作者：Hua Luo）的博士论文，共185页。

无线数字数据的需求正逐年急剧增长。笔记本电脑、智能手机、平板电脑、智能手表、虚拟现实设备等无线通信系统正成为人们日常生活的重要组成部分。移动设备的数量以非常快的速度增长，对移动设备的要求也越来越高，如超高分辨率的图像/视频、快速的下载速度、非常短的延迟和高可靠性，这些都对现有的无线通信网络提出了挑战。与前四代通信网络不同，第五代（5G）无线通信网络包括毫米波通信、海量多输入多输出（MIMO）、可见光通信（VLC）、异构网络（HetNet）等多种技术。虽然5G还没有完全标准化，但上述技术已经在学术界和工业界得到了广泛的研究，其目的是通过研究5G网络的一些关键问题，从系统实现的角度为上述技术提供一些有效的解决方案，从而提高和增强5G网络的系统容量。

本文研究的关键问题包括HetNet中的干扰消除、大规模MIMO的天线校正、VLC信道状态估计以及低延迟并行Turbo译码技术。首先，研究了HetNet中的小区间干扰，提出了一种小区特定参考信号（CRS）干扰抵消方法，以缓解增强型小区间干扰协调（eICIC）的性能下降。该方法考虑了用户接收信号的载波频率偏移（CFO）和定时偏移（TO）。通过重构干扰信号并对其进行消噪，提高了HetNet的容量。

其次，对于大规模MIMO系统，硬件的射频缺陷会降低波束形成性能。当在时分双工（TDD）模式下工作时，大规模MIMO系统依赖于信道的互易性，信道的互易性可被发射机和接收机的RF不一致破坏。本文对不一致校正进行了研究，提出了一种闭环互易校正方法。该校准方法引入了一种测试装置（TD），可以通过空中数据传输估计发射机的缺陷，并通过互联网将结果反馈给基站。TD发送的上行导频可以辅助BS接收机完成缺陷估计。利用上行链路和下行链路缺陷估计，可以获得互易校准系数。通过计算机仿真和实验室实验，对该方法的性能进行了评价。

信道编码是无线通信系统的一个重要组成部分，有助于抵抗噪声，并获得正确的信息传输。Turbo码是WiMAX和LTE等标准中最可靠的编码之一。然而，Turbo码的译码过程非常耗时，需要降低译码延迟以满足未来网络的需求。提出了一种能减少译码时间的反向交织地址产生器，并在FPGA平台上实现了一种低延迟并行turbo译码器。仿真和实验结果证明了该地址生成器的有效性，并证明了在有限的硬件资源下，时延和吞吐量之间存在一种折衷。除上述贡献外，本文还研究了MIMO-VLC系统中的多用户预编码。VLC作为一种绿色、安全的技术，正受到越来越多的关注，有望成为5G网络的一部分，特别是在室内通信方面。对于室内场景，MIMO-VLC信道很容易出现病态。因此，研究信道状态对预编码性能的影响具有重要意义。提出了一种基于用户接收信号信噪比的信道状态估计方法。仿真结果表明，该方法可以提高室内MIMO-VLC系统的容量。

The demand for wireless digital data isdramatically increasing year over year. Wireless communication systems likeLaptops, Smart phones, Tablets, Smart watch, Virtual Reality devices and so onare becoming an important part of people’s daily life. The number of mobiledevices is increasing at a very fast speed as well as the requirements formobile devices such as super high-resolution image/video, fast download speed,very short latency and high reliability, which raise challenges to the existingwireless communication networks. Unlike the previous four generationcommunication networks, the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communicationnetwork includes many technologies such as millimetre-wave communication,massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), visual light communication (VLC),heterogeneous network (HetNet) and so forth. Although 5G has not beenstandardised yet, these above technologies have been studied in both academiaand industry and the goal of the research is to enhance and improve the systemcapacity for 5G networks and beyond by studying some key problems and providingsome effective solutions existing in the above technologies from systemimplementation and hardware impairments’ perspective. The key problems studiedin this thesis include interference cancellation in HetNet, impairmentscalibration for massive MIMO, channel state estimation for VLC, and low latencyparallel Turbo decoding technique. Firstly, inter-cell interference in HetNetis studied and a cell specific reference signal (CRS) interference cancellationmethod is proposed to mitigate the performance degrade in enhanced inter-cellinterference coordination (eICIC). This method takes carrier frequency offset(CFO) and timing offset (TO) of the user’s received signal into account. Byreconstructing the interfering signal and cancelling it afterwards, thecapacity of HetNet is enhanced. Secondly, for massive MIMO systems, the radiofrequency (RF) impairments of the hardware will degrade the beamformingperformance. When operated in time duplex division (TDD) mode, a massive MIMOsystem relies on the reciprocity of the channel which can be broken by thetransmitter and receiver RF impairments. Impairments calibration has beenstudied and a closed-loop reciprocity calibration method is proposed in thisthesis. A test device (TD) is introduced in this calibration method that canestimate the transmitters’ impairments over-the-air and feed the results backto the base station via the Internet. The uplink pilots sent by the TD canassist the BS receivers’ impairment estimation. With both the uplink anddownlink impairments estimates, the reciprocity calibration coefficients can beobtained. By computer simulation and lab experiment, the performance of theproposed method is evaluated. Channel coding is an essential part of a wirelesscommunication system which helps fight with noise and get correct informationdelivery. Turbo codes is one of the most reliable codes that has been used inmany standards such as WiMAX and LTE. However, the decoding process of turbocodes is time-consuming and the decoding latency should be improved to meet therequirement of the future network. A reverse interleave address generator isproposed that can reduce the decoding time and a low latency parallel turbodecoder has been implemented on a FPGA platform. The simulation and experimentresults prove the effectiveness of the address generator and show that there isa trade-off between latency and throughput with a limited hardware resource.Apart from the above contributions, this thesis also investigated multi-userprecoding for MIMO VLC systems. As a green and secure technology, VLC isachieving more and more attention and could become a part of 5G networkespecially for indoor communication. For indoor scenario, the MIMO VLC channelcould be easily ill-conditioned. Hence, it is important to study the impact ofthe channel state to the precoding performance. A channel state estimationmethod is proposed based on the signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) ofthe users’ received signal. Simulation results show that it can enhance thecapacity of the indoor MIMO VLC system.

1. 引言
2. 项目背景
3. 异构网络的CRS干扰消除
4. 大规模MIMO系统的缺陷校正
5. 低延迟并行Turbo译码及其实现
6. 室内VLC-MIMO系统的信道状态估计
7. 结论

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