【雷达与对抗】【2019.09】低功耗毫米波雷达

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本文为瑞典隆德大学（作者：Sebastian Heunisch）的博士论文，共141页。

雷达技术在上个世纪发展迅速。除了最初用于军事用途外，现在还应用于许多民用领域。电路技术的改进使集成雷达传感器成为可能，从而大大降低了生产成本。低千兆赫范围内的集成无线电电路广泛可用，尤其是由无线通信驱动的。甚至毫米波频率的电路也可使用，例如用于汽车雷达。新的半导体材料、器件和电路拓扑为提高雷达电路的工作频率和降低功耗提供了有趣的可能性。随着这些技术的发展，新的应用可能会出现，例如在电池供电设备中集成雷达。

本文主要研究了发展低功耗毫米波雷达技术的各个方面，实现了一种高效的相干雷达脉冲发生器。该电路是基于一个用III-V半导体实现的共振隧穿二极管。将快速金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管用于形成短脉冲。提出了一种新的调制技术，可以在不增加功率损耗的情况下产生相位调制雷达波形。研究了该电路在各种低功耗雷达中的应用。研究结果表明，利用脉冲雷达可以探测到低功率脉冲对不同手势的散射特性。实现了一种脉冲雷达实时采集手势的装置，并成功地实现了12种手势的分类。利用这种技术可以实现低占空比波形的低功耗系统。

Radar technology has developed rapidlyduring the last century. Besides its initial use for military, it is nowadaysalso applied for many civil applications. Improvements in circuit technologymake integrated radar sensors possible, allowing a significant reduction of theproduction cost. Integrated radio circuits in the low gigahertz range arewidely available, not least driven by wireless communications. Even circuits atmillimeter-wave frequencies are available, as they, for instance, are used forautomotive radar. New semiconductor materials, devices, and circuit topologiesoffer interesting possibilities to increase the operation frequency and toreduce the power-consumption of radar circuits. With these developments, novelapplications might open up, for instance the integration of radar in batterypowered devices. In this thesis, different aspects of developing low-powermillimener-wave radar technology are investigated. An efficient, coherent radarpulse generator is implemented. The circuit is based on a resonant-tunnelingdiode implemented with III-V semiconductors. A fast metal-oxidesemiconductorfield-effect transistor is used to shape short pulses. A novel modulationtechnique is presented, enabling the generation of a phase modulated radarwaveform, without additional power loss. Various low-power radar applicationsof the circuit are investigated. The characterization of porcine-skin isdemonstrated, which might open up biomedical applications. It is shown that thescattering of low-power pulses on different hand postures can be detected witha pulsed radar. A setup for the real time acquisition of hand gestures with apulsed radar is implemented and the successful classification of 12 handgestures is demonstrated. Using this technique lowpower systems with low dutycycle waveforms might be implemented.