【雷达与对抗】【2013.03】利用干涉合成孔径雷达数据改进对科罗拉多州圣路易斯峡谷的地下水头估计-CSDN博客

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本文为美国斯坦福大学（作者：JessicaAnne Reeves）的博士论文，共186页。

最近，遥感干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）形变数据被用于研究城市/干旱地区的承压含水层系统。InSAR测量的地表形变是由于下伏承压含水层系统水头变化的结果。在农业地区，例如科罗拉多州的圣路易斯峡谷，通过改变单个雷达散射体的位置，植被高度的变化可能使得测量值减小，因此很难使用InSAR来测量形变。尽管如此，像圣路易斯峡谷这样的农业地区，由于地下水资源与地方经济之间的紧密联系而备受关注。

圣路易斯峡谷是一个8000平方公里的山谷，主要位于科罗拉多州-新墨西哥州边界的北侧。这个山谷拥有充满活力的农业经济，高度依赖于对有限水资源的有效管理。国家规定承压含水层系统内的水头应保持在1978年至2000年期间所变化的范围内。有效管理圣路易斯河谷的水资源既需要水头的季节性变化，也需要这一时期的长期趋势。

在本研究中，我们有三个主要目标：1）确定是否能够在圣路易斯山谷采集高质量的InSAR数据，2）确定InSAR形变测量的不确定性，3）确定InSAR形变数据在多大程度上可用于改进对圣路易斯山谷水头的估计。

我们发现，从圣路易斯山谷可以获得高质量的InSAR数据。许多小面积的中心枢轴灌溉系统没有灌溉，当使用小基线子集分析处理时，可以产生高质量的InSAR数据。InSAR形变观测表明，监测井水头数据具有相同的季节周期性。由于在圣路易斯河谷没有进行其它基于地面的形变测量，我们决定使用InSAR数据和含水层测试数据来估计水头。我们发现估计水头值与井口测量的水头值之间有很好的一致性。然而，我们承认，在分析中使用含水层测试数据会导致水头估算中的误差，这些误差太大，以至于无法提供有效的地下水管理所需的准确度。

下一步的研究是更加准确地确定InSAR形变测量中的不确定度。如果要将这些数据用于地下水应用管理决策的基础，那么解决InSAR形变测量中的不确定性是关键的。我们开发了一种新算法，使用补充水文数据来鉴别InSAR数据采集，这些InSAR数据的测量可能由于大气相位效应而具有不确定性。然后对因雷达信号去相关引起的InSAR形变测量不确定度进行量化。最后，我们确定如何设置小基线子集分析阈值，以便为给定应用程序实现可接受的不确定性水平。通过这种方式，地下水管理器可以提供理想程度的不确定性，并且可以相应地处理形变数据。

在本文的最后一章中，我们探索了将InSAR测量的形变与水头测量的关系结合起来，以提高承压含水层系统中水头测量的时空密度。不同于先前研究的含水层系统，试图将瞬态地下水流模型预测的形变与InSAR测量的形变相匹配，我们着重于估计对圣路易斯流域地下水管理者最重要的参数，即水头。通过探索时空密集的InSAR形变数据与稀疏水头测量之间的关系，我们展示了如何以及何时可以提高水头估计的精度。我们发现，在三个水头变化足够大且含水层沉积物相对可压缩的井位，InSAR形变测量可以可靠地用于在没有井测量数据时估计水头。

Remotely sensed Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)deformation data have recently been used to study confined aquifer systems inurban/arid areas. The deformation measured at the surface by InSAR is aconsequence of changes in hydraulic head in the underlying confined aquifersystem. Deformation in agricultural areas, such as the San Luis Valley,Colorado, is difficult to measure using InSAR because changes in the height ofthe vegetation can degrade the measurement by altering the positions of individualradar scatterers. Nonetheless, agricultural areas like the San Luis Valley are of great interest because of thelink between the groundwater resources and the local economy. The San Luis Valley is an 8000 km2 valley, located mostly on the northern sideof the Colorado-New Mexico border. The valley has a vibrant agriculturaleconomy that is highly dependent on the effective management of limited waterresources. State regulation established that hydraulic head levels within the confinedaquifer system should be maintained within the range experienced in the yearsbetween 1978 and 2000. Effective management of water resources in the San Luis Valley requires both seasonal changesin hydraulic head as well long term trends during this time period. In thisstudy we had three main goals: 1) to determine if high quality InSAR data canbe collected in the San LuisValley, 2) to determine the uncertainty of the InSARdeformation measurements, and 3) to determine to what extent the InSAR deformationdata can be used to improve estimates of hydraulic head in the San Luis Valley. We found that high qualityInSAR data could be acquired from the San Luis Valley.Many small areas, left unwatered by the center-pivot irrigation systems, yieldhigh quality InSAR data when processed using Small Baseline Subset analysis.The InSAR deformation measurements showed the same seasonal periodicity as thehydraulic head data from monitoring wells. Because no other ground-baseddeformation measurements have been made in the San Luis Valley we decided to use InSAR data and aquifertest data to estimate hydraulic head. We found good agreement between theestimated hydraulic head values and the measured head values made at wells(within the error bars of the head estimates). However, we acknowledge thatusing aquifer test data in the analysis led to errors in the hydraulic headestimates that were too large to provide the level of accuracy required foreffective groundwater management. The next step in our research was to moreaccurately determine the uncertainty in the InSAR deformation measurements.Addressing the uncertainty in InSAR measured deformation is critical if thesedata are to be used for groundwater applications as a basis for managementdecisions. We developed a novel algorithm that uses supplementary hydrologicdata to identify InSAR acquisitions whose measurements may have been corruptedwith uncertainty due to atmospheric phase effects. We then proceeded to quantifythe uncertainty in the InSAR deformation measurement due to decorrelation of radarsignals. Finally, we determined how to set Small Baseline Subset analysis thresholdsin order to achieve an acceptable level of uncertainty for a given application.In this way groundwater managers can provide an ideal level of uncertainty andthe deformation data can be processed accordingly. In the final chapter of thiswork we explored ways in which the relationship between InSAR measureddeformation and measurements of hydraulic head can be combined to increase thespatial and temporal density of hydraulic head measurements in the confined aquifersystem. Unlike previously studied aquifer systems, where attempts were made to matchthe deformation predicted by a transient groundwater flow models to the InSAR measureddeformation, we focused on estimating the parameter most important for groundwatermanagers in the San Luis Valley,the hydraulic head. We showed how and when we can improve the estimates ofhydraulic head by exploring the relationship between the spatially andtemporally dense InSAR deformation data and the sparse hydraulic headmeasurements. We found that at three well locations where the changes in hydraulichead were sufficiently large and the aquifer sediments were relatively compressiblethe InSAR deformation measurements can be reliably used to estimate hydraulichead during times when no well measurements were acquired.

1 引言
1.1 问题定义：圣路易斯山谷的地下水
1.2 研究动机：使用遥感数据
1.3 研究目标与本文贡献
2 理论背景
2.1 InSAR背景
2.2 含水层形变背景
3 可用数据回顾
3.1 数据采集现场简介
3.2 水文地质资料
3.3 水头数据
3.4 SAR数据
4 水头数据评估
4.1 水头数据回顾
4.2 形变预测
5 InSAR形变数据评估
5.1 简介
5.2 从形变到水头的转换
5.3 小基线子集与干涉图
5.4 平均一致性与SBAS阈值
5.5 地下水应用的改良SBAS分析
5.6 LOS与水头时间序列的比较
5.7 根据InSAR形变和含水层试验数据估算水头
5.8 结论
6 InSAR测量中的量化不确定度
6.1 简介
6.2 SLV中的大气不确定性
6.3 去相关引起的不确定性传播
6.4 不确定性与SBAS分析阈值
6.5 结论
7 改进的水头估计
7.1 简介
7.2 三口井井口的形变关系
7.3 形变数据和水头数据的空间分析
7.4 井筒水头数据与形变数据比较
7.5 结论
8 结论
8.1 研究总结
8.2 未来研究方向