SQL查询语句（从单表到多表、从简单到复杂）

数据库sql语句及字段名不区分大小写，值必须一一对应

1.创建三张表，学生表、选课表、成绩表

CREATE TABLE student
 (Sno varchar(20) NOT NULL,
 Sname varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  sex varchar(20) NOT NULL, 
  age INT NOT NULL, 
  dept varchar(20) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (Sno) 
  );
CREATE TABLE course
(Cno    varchar(20)    NOT NULL,
 Cname  varchar(20)    NOT NULL,
 hours VARCHAR(20)    NOT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (Cno)
);
CREATE TABLE SC
(Sno    varchar(20)    NOT NULL,
 Cno    varchar(20)    NOT NULL,
 grade  INT    ,
 PRIMARY KEY (Sno,Cno)
);

2.在三张表中分别添加数据

INSERT INTO student VALUES ('9512101','李勇','男',19,'计算系');
INSERT INTO student VALUES ('9512102','刘晨','男',20,'计算系');
INSERT INTO student VALUES ('9512103','王敏','女',20,'计算系');
INSERT INTO student VALUES ('9521101','张立','男',22,'信息系');
INSERT INTO student VALUES ('9521102','吴宾','女',21,'信息系');
INSERT INTO student VALUES ('9521103','张海','男',20,'信息系');
INSERT INTO student VALUES ('9531101','钱小力','女',18,'数学系');
INSERT INTO student VALUES ('9531102','王大力','男',19,'数学系');

INSERT INTO course VALUES ('C01','计算机文化学','70');
INSERT INTO course VALUES ('C02','VB','90');
INSERT INTO course VALUES ('C03','计算机网络','80');
INSERT INTO course VALUES ('C04','数据库基础','108');
INSERT INTO course VALUES ('C05','高等数学','180');
INSERT INTO course VALUES ('C06','数据结构','72');

INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9512101','C01',90);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9512101','C02',86);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9512101','C06',NULL);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9512102','C02',78);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9512102','C04',66);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9521102','C01',82);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9521102','C02',75);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9521102','C04',92);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9521102','C05',50);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9521103','C02',68);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9521103','C06',NULL);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9531101','C01',80);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9531101','C05',95);
INSERT INTO SC VALUES ('9531102','C05',85);
commit;

3.通过SQL语句对表中的数据进行查询

（1）分别查询学生表，学生修课表和选课表中的全部数据

select * from course
select * from student
SELECT * from sc

（2）查询成绩在70-80分之间的学生的学号、课程号和成绩

select * from sc where grade >=70 and grade <=80;

（3）查询C01号课程成绩最高的分数（max()求最大值）、（group by 通过与聚合函数共同使用，实现数据分组

select max(grade) from sc where cno='C01' group by cno;

扩展：在某一个班的成绩表(Id,name,course,grade)中查找出班级前十名学生的id、name和总成绩

select sno, sum(grade) total 
from sc 
group by sno order by total desc limit 5

select sc.sno, s.sname, sum(sc.grade) total 
from student s, sc 
where s.sno = sc.sno 
group by sc.sno  
order by total desc 
limit 5

（4）查询学生都选修了哪些课程，要求列出课程号。（group by实现对查询出来的数据进行分组）

select cno from sc group by cno

(5)查询C02号课程的所有学生的平均成绩、最高成绩和最低成绩。

select max(grade),min(grade),avg(grade) 
from sc 
where cno='C02' 
group by cno;

(6)统计每个系的学生人数

select dept, count(*) as '人数' 
from student 
group by dept;

(7)统计每门课程的修课人数和考试最高分

select count(Sno)  '人数',max(grade) 
from sc 
group by cno;

(8)统计每个学生的选课门数，并按选课门数的递增顺序显示结果

SELECT COUNT(Cno) score 
from sc 
GROUP BY Sno 
ORDER BY  score  desc 
LIMIT 3

(9)统计选修课的学生总数和考试的平均成绩

select count(sno),avg(grade) 
from sc 
group by cno 
ORDER BY avg(grade) DESC;

(10)查询选课门数超过2门的学生的平均成绩和选课门数(having只用于group by语句；having可以用于聚合函数，但是where不能；where只用于初始表中帅选查询，having用于在where和group by结果中查询）。

SELECT AVG(grade) avg, COUNT(cno) cnt 
from sc 
group by sno 
having cnt > 2

(11)列出总成绩超过200分的学生，要求列出学号、总成绩

select sno , sum(grade) cnt 
from sc 
GROUP BY sno 
having cnt >= 200

(12)查询选修了C02号课程的学生的姓名和所在系

SELECT s.sname, s.dept 
from student s,  sc 
where sc.cno='C02' 
  and s.sno = sc.sno

(13)查询成绩80分以上的学生的姓名、课程号和成绩，并按成绩的降序排列结果。（排序使用order by，DESC代表逆序，不使用为默认顺序排序）

select s.sname, sc.cno, sc.grade 
from student s, sc 
where sc.grade > 80 
   and s.sno = sc.sno 
ORDER BY sc.grade desc

(14)查询计算机系男生修了‘数据库基础’的学生姓名、性别、成绩

SELECT s.sname, s.sex, sc.grade 
from student s, sc, course c 
WHERE s.dept = '计算系' and s.sex = '男' 
 and c.cname = '数据库基础' 
  and sc.Sno = s.sno 
  and sc.Cno = c.cno

• （15）查询哪些学生的年龄相同，要求列出年龄相同的学生的姓名和年

select sname, age 
from student 
where age in  -- 子查询 in
(select age from student group by age having count(age) > 1)

• （16）查询哪些课程没有人选，要求列出课程号和课程名

select cno, cname 
from course 
where cno not in (select cno from sc group by cno)  -- not in

• （17）查询有考试成绩的所有学生的姓名、修课名称及考试成绩。
  要求将查询结果放在一张新的永久表(假设新表名为new-sc)中

create table new_sc as    -- 将查询结果放在新表中的方法。as可省略
select s.sname, c.cname, sc.grade 
from student s, course c, sc
where s.sno = sc.sno
  and c.cno = sc.cno
  and sc.grade is not null   -- is not null 是不空的

• （18）分别查询信息系和计算机系的学生姓名、性别、修课名称、修课成绩（联合查询使用union）

select s.sname, s.sex, c.cname, sc.grade 
from student s, course c, sc
where s.dept = '信息系'
  and s.sno = sc.sno 
  and c.cno = sc.cno 
UNION  -- 联合查询
select s.sname, s.sex, c.cname, sc.grade 
from student s, course c, sc
where s.dept = '计算系'
  and s.sno = sc.sno
  and c.cno = sc.cno

select s.sname, s.sex, c.cname, sc.grade 
from student s, course c, sc
where s.dept in ('信息系', '计算系')  -- 并列
  and s.sno = sc.sno 
  and c.cno = sc.cno 

参考：
数据库查询语句（从简单到复杂）