单例模式被认为是最简单的设计模式,属于创建型(设计模式又被分为:创建型、结构型和行为型),经常被用到,下面以我在实际项目中用到的一个单例模式为例,看下如何利用经典的两次判空方法令其高效、安全得工作在多线程环境(见代码中注释)。
public class SqlSessionFactorySingleton {
private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger("SqlSessionFactorySingleton");
private static final String MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE = "mybatis-config.xml";
// 使用volatile关键字令SqlSessionFactory可以被安全发布
private static volatile SqlSessionFactory factory = null;
// 屏蔽默认的公共构造函数
private SqlSessionFactorySingleton() {
}
public static SqlSessionFactory getInstance() {
if (factory == null) { // 第一次判空,如果不使用volatile,B线程可能看到的是A线程创建了一半的对象
// 只有创建SqlSessionFactory实例时才需要同步,不直接在方法上加synchronized关键字可以避免在每次判断实例是否创建时加锁,极大得提高并发效率
synchronized (SqlSessionFactorySingleton.class) {
// 如果A、B两个线程同时通过第一次判空,A获得锁,B等待,等A创建完SqlSessionFactory实例释放锁,B获得锁,此时B需要再次判断实例是否已创建来避免重复创建
if (factory == null) { // 第二次判空
String configFile = "config.properties";
try (Reader configReader = Resources.getResourceAsReader(configFile); Reader mybatisReader = Resources.getResourceAsReader(MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE)) {
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.load(configReader);
SqlSessionFactoryBuilder builder = new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder();
factory = builder.build(mybatisReader, properties);
} catch (IOException e) {
logger.error("Exception when reading {} and {}:", configFile, MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE, e);
}
}
}
}
return factory;
}
}
更好的可以利用如下方法, 利用JVM在类初始化时创建SqlSessionFactory(借助ClassLoader中被synchronized修饰的loadClass方法),同时与JVM的延迟加载机制结合来实现延迟初始化。
public class SqlSessionFactorySingleton {
private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger("SqlSessionFactorySingleton");
private static final String MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE = "mybatis-config.xml";
private static final Boolean IS_DEBUG = "yes".equalsIgnoreCase(System.getProperty("DEBUG"));
private static SqlSessionFactory factory;
static {
String configFile = "config.properties";
if (IS_DEBUG) {
configFile = "config_test.properties";
}
try (Reader configReader = Resources.getResourceAsReader(configFile); Reader mybatisReader = Resources.getResourceAsReader(MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE)) {
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.load(configReader);
SqlSessionFactoryBuilder builder = new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder();
factory = builder.build(mybatisReader, properties);
} catch (IOException e) {
logger.error("Exception when reading {} and {}:", configFile, MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE, e);
}
}
private SqlSessionFactorySingleton() {
}
public static SqlSessionFactory getInstance() {
return factory;
}
}
或者还可以使用如下“延迟初始化占位类模式”:
public class SqlSessionFactorySingleton {
private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger("SqlSessionFactorySingleton");
private static class SqlSessionFactoryHolder {
private static final String MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE = "mybatis-config.xml";
private static final Boolean IS_DEBUG = "yes".equalsIgnoreCase(System.getProperty("DEBUG"));
private static SqlSessionFactory factory;
static {
String configFile = "config.properties";
if (IS_DEBUG) {
configFile = "config_test.properties";
}
try (Reader configReader = Resources.getResourceAsReader(configFile); Reader mybatisReader = Resources.getResourceAsReader(MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE)) {
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.load(configReader);
SqlSessionFactoryBuilder builder = new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder();
factory = builder.build(mybatisReader, properties);
} catch (IOException e) {
logger.error("Exception when reading {} and {}:", configFile, MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE, e);
}
}
}
private SqlSessionFactorySingleton() {
}
public static SqlSessionFactory getInstance() {
return SqlSessionFactoryHolder.factory;
}
}
再者,还可以利用CAS来实现:
public class SqlSessionFactorySingleton {
private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger("SqlSessionFactorySingleton");
private static final String MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE = "mybatis-config.xml";
private static final Boolean IS_NOT_DEBUG = "no".equalsIgnoreCase(System.getProperty("DEBUG"));
private static final AtomicReference<SqlSessionFactory> FACTORY_ATOMIC_REFERENCE = new AtomicReference<>();
private SqlSessionFactorySingleton() {
}
public static SqlSessionFactory getInstance() {
for (; ; ) {
SqlSessionFactory factory = FACTORY_ATOMIC_REFERENCE.get();
if (null != factory) {
return factory;
}
String configFile = "config_test.properties";
if (IS_NOT_DEBUG) {
configFile = "config.properties";
}
try (Reader configReader = Resources.getResourceAsReader(configFile); Reader mybatisReader = Resources.getResourceAsReader(MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE)) {
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.load(configReader);
SqlSessionFactoryBuilder builder = new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder();
factory = builder.build(mybatisReader, properties);
if (FACTORY_ATOMIC_REFERENCE.compareAndSet(null, factory)) {
return factory;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
logger.error("Exception when reading {} and {}:", configFile, MYBATIS_CONFIG_FILE, e);
return null;
}
}
}
}