Pytorch loss.backward() 和 torch.autograd.grad 区别

loss.backward() 将求导结果加在 grad上
torch.autograd.grad 不改变变量的 grad 值

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In PyTorch, `loss.item()` is a method that returns the scalar value of a loss tensor. During training of a neural network, we typically compute the loss function on a batch of input data and corresponding targets. The loss function is a scalar value that measures how well the network is performing on the given batch. In PyTorch, the loss function is typically defined as a tensor, and we can use the `loss.item()` method to get the scalar value of the tensor. For example: ``` import torch.nn.functional as F import torch.optim as optim # Define the model class MyModel(nn.Module): def __init__(self): super(MyModel, self).__init__() self.fc1 = nn.Linear(10, 5) self.fc2 = nn.Linear(5, 1) def forward(self, x): x = F.relu(self.fc1(x)) x = self.fc2(x) return x model = MyModel() optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.1) # Loop over the training data for input, target in train_set: optimizer.zero_grad() output = model(input) loss = F.mse_loss(output, target) loss.backward() optimizer.step() # Get the scalar value of the loss tensor print(loss.item()) ``` In this example, we define a simple neural network `MyModel` and an optimizer `optim.SGD` to update the model's weights. During training, we compute the mean squared error (MSE) loss between the network's output and the target values. We then call `loss.item()` to get the scalar value of the loss tensor and print it to the console. Note that `loss.item()` returns a Python float, not a PyTorch tensor. This can be useful when we want to use the loss value for logging or other purposes outside of PyTorch computations.

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