1.表的加法
特征:以行为单位进行操作
表的加法——union:并集
select product_id, product_name
from product
UNION
select product_id, product_name
from product2;
--可以select两个表中的不同名的行,但要求对应行数据类型一致如下例
select product_id, product_name
from product
UNION
select index_id, chr
from addition;
/*
表中的product_id与index_id数据类型均为char(10),product_name与char的数据类型均为varchar(100);
*/
第二例一样可以查询出相应的结果
注:作为运算对象的记录的列数必须一样
注2:作为运算对象的记录中的列的类型必须一致
注3:可以使用任何select语句,但order by子句只能在最后使用一次
select product_id, product_name
from product
where product_type = '厨房用具'
union
select product_id, product_name
from product2
where product_type = '厨房用具'
order by product_id;
包含重复键的集合运算——ALL运算
--例1
select product_id, product_name
from product
union all
select product_id, product_name
from product2;
--例2
select product_id, product_name
from product
UNION all
select index_id, chr
from addition
order by product_id;
选取表中的公共部分——INTERSECT:交集
select product_id, product_name
from product
intersect
select product_id, prrduct_name
from product2
order by product_id;
--INTERSECT应用与两张表,选取他们当中的公共记录
2.表的减法——EXCEPT(差集)
select product_id,product_name
from product
except
select product_id, product_name
from product2
order by product_id;
注:注意被减数与减数的位置,被减数在except前,减数在后
二.联结(以列为单位对表进行联结)
特征:以列为单位进行操作
1.内联结:INNER JOIN
以第一张表中的列为桥梁,将第二张表中的满足同样条件二点列汇集在同一结果中
--例
select sp.shop_id, sp.shop_name, sp.product_id, p.product_name, p.sale_price
from shopProduct as sp inner join product as p
on sp.product_id = p.product_id;
--也可以不使用别名,直接用<表名>.<列名的形式>选取
--例2
select addition.index_id, addition.product_account,
product.product_id,product.product_name,
product.sale_price,product.sale_price*addition.product_account as really_price
from product inner join addition
on product.product_id = addition.index_id;
注:ON子句
on之后指定两张表联结所使用的列(联结键),其实on起到了与where一样的作用,指定多个连接件时可以用and,or。同时,联结条件也可以用between 与>,<等逻辑运算键关联起来
On与where同时使用
--例1
select addition.index_id, addition.product_account,
product.product_id,product.product_name,
product.sale_price,product.sale_price*addition.product_account as really_price
from product inner join addition
on product.product_id = addition.index_id
where addition.product_account <= 0.85;
--例2
select sp.shop_id, sp.shop_name, sp.product_id, p.product_name, p.sale_price
from shopProduct as sp inner join product as p
on sp.product_id = p.product_id
where sp.shop_id = '000A';
2.外联结——OUTER JOIN
--例1
select sp.shop_id, sp.shop_name, sp.product_id, p.product_name, p.sale_price
from shopProduct as sp right outer join product as p
on sp.product_id = p.product_id;
--例2
select addition.index_id, addition.product_account, product.product_name,
product.sale_price,product.sale_price*addition.product_account as really_price
from product left outer join addition
on product.product_id = addition.index_id;
--例3
select addition.index_id, addition.product_account, product.product_name,
product.sale_price,product.sale_price*addition.product_account as really_price
from product right outer join addition
on product.product_id = addition.index_id;
在外联结前必须注明谁是主表,决定谁是主表额关键字就是 例2 与例3 的right 与left。
例2中确定了主表为product,所以结果中的行数与product表中的行数一致,同样的,在例3中确定了主表为addition,所以结果中二点行数与addition表中的行数一致
注:内联结与外联结的特点与区别
联结形式 | 作用 |
inner join | 内联结只取两张表共同有的键值进行运算 |
right outer join | 右外联结取右主表中所有的信息与辅表进行运算,无法与辅表匹配的信息也即多余的信息也会显示出来,由于主表多余的信息无法与辅表匹配,导致计算结果中多余的信息以null值填充 |
left outer jzuo | 同上 |
3.三张表以上的联结
select sp.shop_id, sp.shop_name, sp.product_id, p.product_name,
p.sale_price, ip.inventory_quantity
from shopProduct as sp inner join product as p
on sp.product_id = p.product_id
inner join inventoryProduct as ip
on sp.product_id = IP.product_id
where ip.inventory_id = 'p001';
4.交叉联结——cross join
--例1
select sp.shop_id, sp.shop_name, sp.product_id, p.product_name
from shopProduct as sp cross join product as p;
--例2
select product.product_id, product.product_name, product.sale_price,
addition.product_account, product.sale_price*addition.product_account as final_price
from product cross join addition;
注:使用交叉联结是不能使用on子句
注2:交叉连接就是将两表中的所有记录做交叉组合,结果的个数就是两张表中的行数乘积