一、基本形式
I
n
=
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
(
x
)
 
d
x
I_n=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^n(x)}\, dx
In=∫02πsinn(x)dx
or
I
n
=
∫
0
π
2
cos
n
(
x
)
 
d
x
I_n=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\cos^n(x)}\, dx
In=∫02πcosn(x)dx
二、结论
∫ 0 π 2 sin n ( x )   d x = { ( n − 1 ) ! ! n ! ! ⋅ π 2 ( n 为 偶 数 ) ( n − 1 ) ! ! n ! ! ⋅ 1 ( n 为 奇 数 ) \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^n(x)}\, dx = \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!}\cdot \frac{\pi}{2}\quad (n为偶数)\\\\\frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!} \cdot 1 \quad (n为奇数)\end{matrix}\right. ∫02πsinn(x)dx=⎩⎨⎧n!!(n−1)!!⋅2π(n为偶数)n!!(n−1)!!⋅1(n为奇数)
or
∫
0
π
2
cos
n
(
x
)
 
d
x
=
{
(
n
−
1
)
!
!
n
!
!
⋅
π
2
(
n
为
偶
数
)
(
n
−
1
)
!
!
n
!
!
⋅
1
(
n
为
奇
数
)
\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\cos^n(x)}\, dx = \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!}\cdot \frac{\pi}{2}\quad (n为偶数)\\\\\frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!} \cdot 1 \quad (n为奇数)\end{matrix}\right.
∫02πcosn(x)dx=⎩⎨⎧n!!(n−1)!!⋅2π(n为偶数)n!!(n−1)!!⋅1(n为奇数)
三、证明过程
使用分部积分方法对 I n I_n In进行一次降幂(先对 sin ( x ) \sin(x) sin(x)进行分析)
I
n
=
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
(
x
)
 
d
x
I_n=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^n(x)}\, dx
In=∫02πsinn(x)dx
I
n
=
−
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
−
1
(
x
)
 
d
cos
(
x
)
I_n=-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^{n-1}(x)}\, d{\cos(x)}
In=−∫02πsinn−1(x)dcos(x)
I
n
=
−
sin
n
−
1
(
x
)
⋅
cos
(
x
)
π
2
0
∣
+
∫
0
π
2
cos
(
x
)
d
sin
n
−
1
(
x
)
I_n=-\sin^{n-1}(x)\cdot\cos(x)\left.\begin{matrix}{\frac{\pi}{2}}\\0\end{matrix}\right | + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos(x)\quad d{\sin^{n-1}(x)}
In=−sinn−1(x)⋅cos(x)2π0∣∣∣∣+∫02πcos(x)dsinn−1(x)
(注:F(
π
2
\frac{\pi}{2}
2π)
−
-
−F(0)的值↑)
I
n
=
0
−
0
+
∫
0
π
2
cos
2
(
x
)
⋅
(
n
−
1
)
sin
n
−
2
(
x
)
d
x
I_n=0-0 + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^2(x)\cdot (n-1)\sin^{n-2}(x)dx
In=0−0+∫02πcos2(x)⋅(n−1)sinn−2(x)dx
I n = ( n − 1 ) ∫ 0 π 2 ( 1 − sin 2 x ) sin n − 2 ( x ) d x I_n=(n-1 )\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(1-\sin^2x)\sin^{n-2}(x)dx In=(n−1)∫02π(1−sin2x)sinn−2(x)dx
最终解得
I
n
=
(
n
−
1
)
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
−
2
(
x
)
d
x
−
(
n
−
1
)
∫
0
π
2
s
i
n
n
(
x
)
d
x
①
I_n=(n-1 )\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin^{n-2}(x)dx - (n-1 )\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}sin^{n}(x)dx\quad①
In=(n−1)∫02πsinn−2(x)dx−(n−1)∫02πsinn(x)dx①
对①进行分析可得到
I
n
=
(
n
−
1
)
I
n
−
2
−
(
n
−
1
)
I
n
I_n=(n-1)I_{n-2}-(n-1) I_n
In=(n−1)In−2−(n−1)In
移项后可得
n
⋅
I
n
=
(
n
−
1
)
I
n
−
2
n\cdot I_n=(n-1)I_{n-2}
n⋅In=(n−1)In−2
最终解得
I
n
=
(
n
−
1
)
n
I
n
−
2
②
I_n=\frac{(n-1)}{n}I_{n-2}\quad②
In=n(n−1)In−2②
对②分析可得
I n = ( n − 1 ) n I n − 2 = ( n − 1 ) ( n − 3 ) n ( n − 2 ) I n − 4 = ( n − 1 ) ( n − 3 ) ( n − 5 ) n ( n − 2 ) ( n − 4 ) I n − 6 = . . . . ③ I_n=\frac{(n-1)}{n}I_{n-2}=\frac{(n-1)(n-3)}{n(n-2)}I_{n-4}=\frac{(n-1)(n-3)(n-5)}{n(n-2)(n-4)}I_{n-6}=....\quad③ In=n(n−1)In−2=n(n−2)(n−1)(n−3)In−4=n(n−2)(n−4)(n−1)(n−3)(n−5)In−6=....③
证毕
四、由于对称性(此处不对对称性再做证明)
∫ 0 π 2 f ( s i n x ) \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}f({sinx}) ∫02πf(sinx)= ∫ 0 π 2 f ( c o s x ) \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}f({cosx)} ∫02πf(cosx)成立
所以
I n = ∫ 0 π 2 cos n ( x )   d x I_n=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\cos^n(x)}\, dx In=∫02πcosn(x)dx
成立
五、例题
求解 I 6 = ∫ 0 π 2 sin 6 ( x )   d x I_6 = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^6(x)}\, dx I6=∫02πsin6(x)dx
解:
由③得
I
6
=
5
⋅
3
⋅
1
6
⋅
4
⋅
2
I
0
I_6 = \frac{5\cdot 3\cdot 1}{6\cdot4 \cdot 2}I_0
I6=6⋅4⋅25⋅3⋅1I0
I
0
=
π
2
I_0 = \frac{\pi}{2}
I0=2π
故解得
I
6
=
5
!
!
6
!
!
⋅
π
2
I_6 = \frac{5!!}{6!!}\cdot\frac{\pi}{2}
I6=6!!5!!⋅2π
满足结论