磁盘管理

磁盘管理的顺序
硬盘-----分区-----格式化-----挂载-----正常访问
1 硬盘： 关闭虚拟机添加一块硬盘
2 分区： fdisk命令，这个命令不需要背诵，m键都有解释
3 格式化： mkfs
-t 可以接文件系统的格式，如ext3
查看文件系统支持哪些格式，mkfs Tab Tab
mke2fs
-b block块的大小
-i 多少容量给一个inode
-L 卷标名
-j 本来是ext2 ，加上-j之后变成ext3了
eg1 用mke2fs设置 卷标名为vbied_logical; block块大小为2048；每8192bytes分配一个inode;构建ext3系统；开始格式为/dev/hdc6

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -j  -L "vbird_logical" -b 2048 -i 8192 /dev/hdc6

4 挂载 ：mount
单一文件系统不应该被重复挂载到不同的挂载点上
单一目录不能挂载不同的文件系统
作为挂载点的目录理论上应该是空目录
-t 指定挂载的类型
-l 查看目前已经挂载的文件系统并显示卷标名称
附加扩展1：
挂载DVD或CD光盘（用centos原版光盘挂载）

[root@bogon ~]# mkdir /media/cdrom
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘/media/cdrom’: File exists
[root@bogon ~]# find d
find: ‘d’: No such file or directory
[root@bogon ~]# find -type d
.
[root@bogon ~]# find -type d -empty
[root@bogon ~]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@bogon ~]# df
Filesystem              1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root  18655232  949148  17706084   6% /
devtmpfs                   488792       0    488792   0% /dev
tmpfs                      499848       0    499848   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                      499848    6912    492936   2% /run
tmpfs                      499848       0    499848   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                  201380  104920     96460  53% /boot
tmpfs                       99972       0     99972   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sr0                  4414592 4414592         0 100% /media/cdrom

可以指定系统格式也可以让系统自行监测
正确的文件名要看光驱是什么接口，因为光驱是IDE接口，所以是/dev/sr0。光驱一旦挂载之后就无法取出光盘，如果要退出，就要卸载

附加扩展2 ： 用mount将一个目录挂载到另一个目录中去
eg :将/home这个目录挂载暂时挂载到/mnt/home

[root@bogon ~]# mount --bind /home /mnt/home
[root@bogon ~]# ls -lid /home/ /mnt/home
33584979 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 17 Sep 15 09:23 /home/
33584979 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 17 Sep 15 09:23 /mnt/home

通过mount–blind 就可以实现， 从此进入/home就是进入/mnt/home目录中

设置开机自动挂载：在/etc/fstab中修改

[root@bogon ~]# cat /etc/fstab

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Sep 15 09:18:31 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=86251118-de2b-45b5-81bb-d75c82aa49a2 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

各个列的含义
第一列：文件名或label名
第二列：mount point
第三列：磁盘分区的文件系统，手动挂载时可以让系统自动检测，自动挂载时要自行填写
第四列：文件系统参数，如iocharset=cp950
创建swap分区
使用物理分区创建swap分区
用fdisk创建一个分区给文件系统作为swap分区

[root@bogon ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000cd483

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048      411647      204800   83  Linux
/dev/sda2          411648    41943039    20765696   8e  Linux LVM

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000cd483

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048      411647      204800   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda2          411648    41943039    20765696   8e  Linux LVM

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@bogon ~]# partprobe
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr1 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr1 has been opened read-only.
[root@bogon ~]# mkswap /dev/sda1
mkswap: error: /dev/sda1 is mounted; will not make swapspace
[root@bogon ~]# umount /dev/sda1
[root@bogon ~]# mkswap /dev/sda1
mkswap: /dev/sda1: warning: wiping old xfs signature.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 204796 KiB
no label, UUID=67deef71-dacb-4bd4-9eb1-9b589b233d78
[root@bogon ~]# free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:         999696      133608      713200        6912      152888      697412
Swap:       2097148           0     2097148
[root@bogon ~]# swapon /dev/sda1
[root@bogon ~]# free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:         999696      133568      713216        6912      152912      697440
Swap:       2301944           0     2301944

使用文件创建swap分区
创建一个128mb的内存交换空间

    [root@bogon ~]# dd -if=/dev/zero  of=/tmp/swap bs=1m count=128
dd: invalid option -- 'i'
Try 'dd --help' for more information.
[root@bogon ~]# dd if=/dev/zero  of=/tmp/swap bs=1m count=128
dd: invalid number ‘1m’
[root@bogon ~]# dd if=/dev/zero  of=/tmp/swap bs=1M count=128
128+0 records in
128+0 records out
134217728 bytes (134 MB) copied, 2.06883 s, 64.9 MB/s
[root@bogon ~]# mksawp /tmp/s
swap
systemd-private-5e1730845efd426d9a194ea865174114-vgauthd.service-Rdk94N/
systemd-private-5e1730845efd426d9a194ea865174114-vmtoolsd.service-j1jvJW/
systemd-private-7062b3f07c054e0cb208df1584bfab3c-vgauthd.service-I4DvZd/
systemd-private-7062b3f07c054e0cb208df1584bfab3c-vmtoolsd.service-pE9nms/
systemd-private-e4e9aa3c8e984781b94f3679126d4c78-vgauthd.service-vPILVE/
systemd-private-e4e9aa3c8e984781b94f3679126d4c78-vmtoolsd.service-L32swM/
[root@bogon ~]# mksawp /tmp/swap
-bash: mksawp: command not found
[root@bogon ~]# mkswap /tmp/swap
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 131068 KiB
no label, UUID=990ce39e-5d1d-4d9e-9d51-70b4ce54b5c2
[root@bogon ~]# free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:         999696      133924      577992        6912      287780      685036
Swap:       2301944           0     2301944
[root@bogon ~]# swapon /tmp/swap
swapon: /tmp/swap: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
[root@bogon ~]# free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:         999696      133784      578100        6912      287812      685160
Swap:       2433012           0     2433012
[root@bogon ~]#