numpy_10-大作业

Chapter 10 大作业

本次练习使用 鸢尾属植物数据集.\iris.txt，在这个数据集中，包括了三类不同的鸢尾属植物：Iris Setosa，Iris Versicolour，Iris Virginica。每类收集了50个样本，因此这个数据集一共包含了150个样本。

sepallength：萼片长度
sepalwidth：萼片宽度
petallength：花瓣长度
petalwidth：花瓣宽度
以上四个特征的单位都是厘米（cm）。

# 导入鸢尾属植物数据集，保持文本不变。
import numpy as np

iris_data = np.loadtxt('./iris.txt', dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1)
print(iris_data)

[['5.1' '3.5' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.0' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.7' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.1' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.6' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.9' '1.7' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.4' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.4' '2.9' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.4' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.0' '1.4' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.3' '3.0' '1.1' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.8' '4.0' '1.2' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.7' '4.4' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.9' '1.3' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.5' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.7' '3.8' '1.7' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.5' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.4' '1.7' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.7' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.6' '1.0' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.3' '1.7' '0.5' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.4' '1.9' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.0' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.4' '1.6' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.2' '3.5' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.2' '3.4' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.7' '3.2' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.1' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.4' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.2' '4.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.5' '4.2' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.2' '1.2' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.5' '3.5' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.4' '3.0' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.5' '1.3' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.5' '2.3' '1.3' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.4' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.5' '1.6' '0.6' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.9' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.0' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.2' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.3' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.3' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['7.0' '3.2' '4.7' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.4' '3.2' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.9' '3.1' '4.9' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.3' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.5' '2.8' '4.6' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.8' '4.5' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '3.3' '4.7' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['4.9' '2.4' '3.3' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.6' '2.9' '4.6' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.2' '2.7' '3.9' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.0' '2.0' '3.5' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.9' '3.0' '4.2' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.2' '4.0' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '2.9' '4.7' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.9' '3.6' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.1' '4.4' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '3.0' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '4.1' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.2' '2.2' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.5' '3.9' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.9' '3.2' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '2.8' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '2.5' '4.9' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '2.8' '4.7' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.4' '2.9' '4.3' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.6' '3.0' '4.4' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.8' '2.8' '4.8' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.0' '5.0' '1.7' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.9' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.6' '3.5' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.4' '3.8' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.4' '3.7' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '3.9' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.7' '5.1' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.4' '3.0' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '3.4' '4.5' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.1' '4.7' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '2.3' '4.4' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '3.0' '4.1' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.5' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.6' '4.4' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '3.0' '4.6' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '2.6' '4.0' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.0' '2.3' '3.3' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.7' '4.2' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '3.0' '4.2' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.9' '4.2' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.2' '2.9' '4.3' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.1' '2.5' '3.0' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.8' '4.1' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '3.3' '6.0' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '5.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.1' '3.0' '5.9' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.9' '5.6' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.8' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.6' '3.0' '6.6' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['4.9' '2.5' '4.5' '1.7' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.3' '2.9' '6.3' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '2.5' '5.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.2' '3.6' '6.1' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.2' '5.1' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '2.7' '5.3' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.8' '3.0' '5.5' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.7' '2.5' '5.0' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.8' '2.8' '5.1' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '3.2' '5.3' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.5' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '3.8' '6.7' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '2.6' '6.9' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.0' '2.2' '5.0' '1.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.9' '3.2' '5.7' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.6' '2.8' '4.9' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '2.8' '6.7' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.7' '4.9' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.3' '5.7' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.2' '3.2' '6.0' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.2' '2.8' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.1' '3.0' '4.9' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '2.8' '5.6' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.2' '3.0' '5.8' '1.6' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.4' '2.8' '6.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.9' '3.8' '6.4' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '2.8' '5.6' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.8' '5.1' '1.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.1' '2.6' '5.6' '1.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '3.0' '6.1' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '3.4' '5.6' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '3.1' '5.5' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.0' '3.0' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.9' '3.1' '5.4' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.1' '5.6' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.9' '3.1' '5.1' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '5.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.8' '3.2' '5.9' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.3' '5.7' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.0' '5.2' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.5' '5.0' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.2' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.2' '3.4' '5.4' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.9' '3.0' '5.1' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']]

# 求出鸢尾属植物萼片长度的平均值、中位数和标准差（第1列，sepallength）
sepallength = np.loadtxt('./iris.txt', dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=(0))

# 均值
print(np.mean(sepallength))

# 中位数
print(np.median(sepallength))

# 标准差
print(np.std(sepallength))

5.843333333333334
5.8
0.8253012917851409

# 创建一种标准化形式的鸢尾属植物萼片长度，其值正好介于0和1之间，
#这样最小值为0，最大值为1（第1列，sepallength）。  
# 标准化， x-min /max - min

sepallength_norm = (sepallength-np.amin(sepallength))/np.ptp(sepallength)
print(sepallength_norm)

[0.22222222 0.16666667 0.11111111 0.08333333 0.19444444 0.30555556
 0.08333333 0.19444444 0.02777778 0.16666667 0.30555556 0.13888889
 0.13888889 0.         0.41666667 0.38888889 0.30555556 0.22222222
 0.38888889 0.22222222 0.30555556 0.22222222 0.08333333 0.22222222
 0.13888889 0.19444444 0.19444444 0.25       0.25       0.11111111
 0.13888889 0.30555556 0.25       0.33333333 0.16666667 0.19444444
 0.33333333 0.16666667 0.02777778 0.22222222 0.19444444 0.05555556
 0.02777778 0.19444444 0.22222222 0.13888889 0.22222222 0.08333333
 0.27777778 0.19444444 0.75       0.58333333 0.72222222 0.33333333
 0.61111111 0.38888889 0.55555556 0.16666667 0.63888889 0.25
 0.19444444 0.44444444 0.47222222 0.5        0.36111111 0.66666667
 0.36111111 0.41666667 0.52777778 0.36111111 0.44444444 0.5
 0.55555556 0.5        0.58333333 0.63888889 0.69444444 0.66666667
 0.47222222 0.38888889 0.33333333 0.33333333 0.41666667 0.47222222
 0.30555556 0.47222222 0.66666667 0.55555556 0.36111111 0.33333333
 0.33333333 0.5        0.41666667 0.19444444 0.36111111 0.38888889
 0.38888889 0.52777778 0.22222222 0.38888889 0.55555556 0.41666667
 0.77777778 0.55555556 0.61111111 0.91666667 0.16666667 0.83333333
 0.66666667 0.80555556 0.61111111 0.58333333 0.69444444 0.38888889
 0.41666667 0.58333333 0.61111111 0.94444444 0.94444444 0.47222222
 0.72222222 0.36111111 0.94444444 0.55555556 0.66666667 0.80555556
 0.52777778 0.5        0.58333333 0.80555556 0.86111111 1.
 0.58333333 0.55555556 0.5        0.94444444 0.55555556 0.58333333
 0.47222222 0.72222222 0.66666667 0.72222222 0.41666667 0.69444444
 0.66666667 0.66666667 0.55555556 0.61111111 0.52777778 0.44444444]

# 找到鸢尾属植物萼片长度的第5和第95百分位数（第1列，sepallength）。
np.percentile(sepallength, [5, 95])

array([4.6  , 7.255])

# 把iris_data数据集中的20个随机位置修改为np.nan值。
iris_data[np.random.choice(iris_data.shape[0], size=20), np.random.choice(iris_data.shape[1], size=20)] = np.nan
print(iris_data)

[['5.1' '3.5' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.0' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.7' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.1' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.6' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.9' nan '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.4' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.4' '2.9' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.4' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.0' nan '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.3' '3.0' '1.1' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.8' '4.0' '1.2' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.7' '4.4' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.9' '1.3' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.5' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.7' '3.8' '1.7' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 [nan '3.8' '1.5' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.4' '1.7' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.7' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.6' '1.0' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.3' '1.7' '0.5' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.4' '1.9' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.0' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.4' '1.6' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.2' '3.5' '1.5' '0.2' nan]
 ['5.2' '3.4' nan '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.7' '3.2' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.1' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.4' '1.5' '0.4' nan]
 ['5.2' '4.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.5' '4.2' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.2' '1.2' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.5' '3.5' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.4' '3.0' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.5' '1.3' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.5' '2.3' '1.3' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.4' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.5' '1.6' '0.6' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.9' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.0' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 [nan '3.8' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.2' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.3' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.3' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['7.0' '3.2' '4.7' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.4' '3.2' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.9' '3.1' '4.9' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.3' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.5' '2.8' '4.6' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.8' '4.5' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '3.3' '4.7' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['4.9' nan '3.3' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.6' nan '4.6' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.2' '2.7' '3.9' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.0' '2.0' '3.5' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.9' '3.0' '4.2' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.2' nan '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '2.9' '4.7' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.9' '3.6' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.1' '4.4' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '3.0' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '4.1' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.2' '2.2' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.5' '3.9' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.9' '3.2' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '2.8' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '2.5' '4.9' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '2.8' '4.7' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.4' '2.9' '4.3' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.6' '3.0' '4.4' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.8' '2.8' '4.8' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.0' '5.0' '1.7' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.9' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.6' '3.5' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.4' '3.8' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.4' '3.7' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '3.9' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.7' '5.1' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.4' '3.0' '4.5' nan 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '3.4' '4.5' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.1' '4.7' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '2.3' '4.4' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '3.0' '4.1' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 [nan '2.5' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.6' '4.4' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '3.0' '4.6' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '2.6' '4.0' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.0' '2.3' '3.3' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.7' '4.2' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '3.0' '4.2' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.9' '4.2' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.2' '2.9' '4.3' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.1' '2.5' '3.0' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.8' '4.1' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '3.3' '6.0' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '5.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.1' '3.0' '5.9' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.9' '5.6' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.8' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.6' '3.0' '6.6' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['4.9' '2.5' '4.5' '1.7' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.3' '2.9' '6.3' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '2.5' '5.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.2' '3.6' '6.1' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.2' '5.1' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '2.7' '5.3' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.8' '3.0' '5.5' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.7' '2.5' '5.0' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.8' '2.8' '5.1' nan 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '3.2' '5.3' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.5' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '3.8' '6.7' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '2.6' '6.9' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.0' '2.2' '5.0' '1.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.9' '3.2' '5.7' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.6' '2.8' nan '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '2.8' nan '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.7' '4.9' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.3' '5.7' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.2' '3.2' '6.0' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.2' '2.8' nan '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.1' '3.0' '4.9' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '2.8' '5.6' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.2' '3.0' '5.8' '1.6' 'Iris-virginica']
 [nan '2.8' '6.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.9' '3.8' '6.4' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '2.8' '5.6' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.8' '5.1' '1.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.1' '2.6' '5.6' '1.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '3.0' '6.1' '2.3' nan]
 ['6.3' '3.4' '5.6' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '3.1' '5.5' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.0' '3.0' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.9' '3.1' nan '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.1' '5.6' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.9' '3.1' '5.1' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '5.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.8' '3.2' '5.9' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.3' '5.7' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.0' '5.2' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.5' '5.0' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.2' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.2' '3.4' '5.4' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.9' '3.0' '5.1' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']]

# 在iris_data的sepallength中查找缺失值的个数和位置（第1列）。
sepallength = np.array(iris_data[:, 0], dtype=np.float64)
print(sepallength)
# 缺失值的个数
print(np.sum(np.isnan(sepallength)))

# 缺失值的位置
print(np.where(np.isnan(sepallength)))

[5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.  5.4 4.6 5.  4.4 4.9 5.4 4.8 4.8 4.3 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.1
 5.7 nan 5.4 5.1 4.6 5.1 4.8 5.  5.  5.2 5.2 4.7 4.8 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 5.
 5.5 4.9 4.4 5.1 5.  4.5 4.4 5.  5.1 4.8 nan 4.6 5.3 5.  7.  6.4 6.9 5.5
 6.5 5.7 6.3 4.9 6.6 5.2 5.  5.9 6.  6.1 5.6 6.7 5.6 5.8 6.2 5.6 5.9 6.1
 6.3 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.  5.7 5.5 5.5 5.8 6.  5.4 6.  6.7 6.3 5.6 nan
 5.5 6.1 5.8 5.  5.6 5.7 5.7 6.2 5.1 5.7 6.3 5.8 7.1 6.3 6.5 7.6 4.9 7.3
 6.7 7.2 6.5 6.4 6.8 5.7 5.8 6.4 6.5 7.7 7.7 6.  6.9 5.6 7.7 6.3 6.7 7.2
 6.2 6.1 6.4 7.2 nan 7.9 6.4 6.3 6.1 7.7 6.3 6.4 6.  6.9 6.7 6.9 5.8 6.8
 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.5 6.2 5.9]
4
(array([ 19,  46,  89, 130]),)

# 筛选具有 sepallength（第1列）< 5.0 并且 petallength（第3列）> 1.5 的 iris_data行。
iris_data = np.loadtxt("./iris.txt", dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=(0,1,2,3))
rows_r = np.logical_and(iris_data[:, 0]<5.0, iris_data[:, 2]>1.5)
print(iris_data[np.where(rows_r)])

[[4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2]
 [4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2]
 [4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2]
 [4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2]
 [4.9 2.4 3.3 1. ]
 [4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]]

# 选择没有任何 nan 值的 iris_data行。
iris_data[np.random.choice(iris_data.shape[0], size=20), np.random.choice(iris_data.shape[1], size=20)] = np.nan
print(iris_data[np.sum(np.isnan(iris_data), axis=1)==0])

[[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2]
 [4.9 3.  1.4 0.2]
 [4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
 [4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
 [5.  3.6 1.4 0.2]
 [5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
 [4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
 [5.  3.4 1.5 0.2]
 [4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2]
 [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
 [5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2]
 [4.3 3.  1.1 0.1]
 [5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4]
 [5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4]
 [5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3]
 [5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3]
 [5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3]
 [5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2]
 [5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4]
 [4.6 3.6 1.  0.2]
 [4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2]
 [5.  3.  1.6 0.2]
 [5.  3.4 1.6 0.4]
 [5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2]
 [5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2]
 [4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2]
 [5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4]
 [5.2 4.1 1.5 0.1]
 [5.5 4.2 1.4 0.2]
 [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
 [5.  3.2 1.2 0.2]
 [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
 [4.4 3.  1.3 0.2]
 [5.1 3.4 1.5 0.2]
 [5.  3.5 1.3 0.3]
 [4.5 2.3 1.3 0.3]
 [4.4 3.2 1.3 0.2]
 [5.  3.5 1.6 0.6]
 [5.1 3.8 1.9 0.4]
 [4.8 3.  1.4 0.3]
 [5.1 3.8 1.6 0.2]
 [4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2]
 [5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2]
 [5.  3.3 1.4 0.2]
 [7.  3.2 4.7 1.4]
 [6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5]
 [6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5]
 [6.5 2.8 4.6 1.5]
 [5.7 2.8 4.5 1.3]
 [4.9 2.4 3.3 1. ]
 [6.6 2.9 4.6 1.3]
 [5.2 2.7 3.9 1.4]
 [5.  2.  3.5 1. ]
 [5.9 3.  4.2 1.5]
 [6.  2.2 4.  1. ]
 [6.1 2.9 4.7 1.4]
 [5.6 3.  4.5 1.5]
 [6.2 2.2 4.5 1.5]
 [5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1]
 [5.9 3.2 4.8 1.8]
 [6.1 2.8 4.  1.3]
 [6.3 2.5 4.9 1.5]
 [6.4 2.9 4.3 1.3]
 [6.6 3.  4.4 1.4]
 [6.8 2.8 4.8 1.4]
 [6.7 3.  5.  1.7]
 [6.  2.9 4.5 1.5]
 [5.5 2.4 3.8 1.1]
 [5.5 2.4 3.7 1. ]
 [5.8 2.7 3.9 1.2]
 [6.  2.7 5.1 1.6]
 [5.4 3.  4.5 1.5]
 [6.7 3.1 4.7 1.5]
 [5.6 3.  4.1 1.3]
 [5.5 2.5 4.  1.3]
 [5.5 2.6 4.4 1.2]
 [6.1 3.  4.6 1.4]
 [5.8 2.6 4.  1.2]
 [5.  2.3 3.3 1. ]
 [5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3]
 [5.7 3.  4.2 1.2]
 [5.7 2.9 4.2 1.3]
 [6.2 2.9 4.3 1.3]
 [5.1 2.5 3.  1.1]
 [5.7 2.8 4.1 1.3]
 [6.3 3.3 6.  2.5]
 [5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
 [7.1 3.  5.9 2.1]
 [6.3 2.9 5.6 1.8]
 [6.5 3.  5.8 2.2]
 [7.6 3.  6.6 2.1]
 [4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]
 [7.3 2.9 6.3 1.8]
 [6.7 2.5 5.8 1.8]
 [7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5]
 [6.5 3.2 5.1 2. ]
 [6.8 3.  5.5 2.1]
 [5.7 2.5 5.  2. ]
 [5.8 2.8 5.1 2.4]
 [6.4 3.2 5.3 2.3]
 [6.5 3.  5.5 1.8]
 [7.7 3.8 6.7 2.2]
 [7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3]
 [6.  2.2 5.  1.5]
 [6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3]
 [5.6 2.8 4.9 2. ]
 [7.7 2.8 6.7 2. ]
 [6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8]
 [6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1]
 [7.2 3.2 6.  1.8]
 [6.1 3.  4.9 1.8]
 [6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1]
 [7.2 3.  5.8 1.6]
 [7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9]
 [7.9 3.8 6.4 2. ]
 [6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2]
 [6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5]
 [6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4]
 [7.7 3.  6.1 2.3]
 [6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8]
 [6.  3.  4.8 1.8]
 [6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1]
 [6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4]
 [6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3]
 [5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
 [6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3]
 [6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5]
 [6.7 3.  5.2 2.3]
 [6.3 2.5 5.  1.9]
 [6.5 3.  5.2 2. ]
 [6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3]
 [5.9 3.  5.1 1.8]]

#  计算 iris_data 中sepalLength（第1列）和petalLength（第3列）之间的相关系数。
iris_data = np.loadtxt("./iris.txt", dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=(0,1,2,3))
sepallength = iris_data[:, 0]
petallength = iris_data[:, 2]
print(np.corrcoef(sepallength, petallength))

[[1.         0.87175416]
 [0.87175416 1.        ]]

# 找出iris_data是否有任何缺失值。
print(np.any(np.isnan(iris_data))) 

False

# 在numpy数组中将所有出现的nan替换为0。
iris_data[np.random.choice(iris_data.shape[0], size=20), np.random.choice(iris_data.shape[1], size=20)] = np.nan
iris_data[np.where(np.isnan(iris_data))] = 0
print(iris_data) 

[[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2]
 [4.9 3.  1.4 0.2]
 [4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
 [4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
 [5.  3.6 1.4 0.2]
 [5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
 [4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
 [5.  3.4 1.5 0.2]
 [4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2]
 [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
 [5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2]
 [4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2]
 [4.8 3.  1.4 0.1]
 [4.3 3.  1.1 0.1]
 [5.8 4.  1.2 0.2]
 [5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4]
 [5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4]
 [5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3]
 [5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3]
 [5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3]
 [5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2]
 [5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4]
 [4.6 3.6 1.  0.2]
 [5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5]
 [4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2]
 [5.  3.  1.6 0.2]
 [5.  3.4 1.6 0.4]
 [5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2]
 [0.  3.4 1.4 0.2]
 [4.7 3.2 0.  0.2]
 [4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2]
 [5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4]
 [0.  4.1 1.5 0.1]
 [5.5 4.2 1.4 0.2]
 [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
 [5.  3.2 1.2 0.2]
 [5.5 3.5 1.3 0.2]
 [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
 [4.4 3.  1.3 0.2]
 [5.1 3.4 1.5 0.2]
 [5.  3.5 1.3 0.3]
 [4.5 2.3 1.3 0.3]
 [4.4 3.2 1.3 0.2]
 [5.  3.5 1.6 0.6]
 [5.1 3.8 1.9 0. ]
 [4.8 3.  1.4 0.3]
 [5.1 3.8 1.6 0.2]
 [4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2]
 [5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2]
 [5.  3.3 1.4 0.2]
 [7.  3.2 4.7 1.4]
 [6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5]
 [6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5]
 [5.5 2.3 4.  1.3]
 [6.5 0.  4.6 1.5]
 [0.  0.  4.5 1.3]
 [6.3 3.3 4.7 1.6]
 [4.9 2.4 3.3 1. ]
 [6.6 2.9 4.6 1.3]
 [5.2 2.7 3.9 1.4]
 [5.  2.  3.5 1. ]
 [5.9 3.  4.2 1.5]
 [6.  2.2 4.  1. ]
 [6.1 2.9 4.7 1.4]
 [5.6 2.9 0.  1.3]
 [6.7 3.1 4.4 1.4]
 [5.6 3.  4.5 1.5]
 [5.8 2.7 4.1 1. ]
 [6.2 2.2 4.5 1.5]
 [5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1]
 [5.9 3.2 4.8 1.8]
 [6.1 2.8 4.  1.3]
 [6.3 2.5 4.9 1.5]
 [6.1 2.8 4.7 1.2]
 [6.4 2.9 4.3 1.3]
 [6.6 3.  4.4 1.4]
 [6.8 2.8 4.8 1.4]
 [6.7 3.  5.  1.7]
 [6.  2.9 4.5 1.5]
 [5.7 2.6 3.5 1. ]
 [5.5 2.4 3.8 1.1]
 [5.5 2.4 3.7 1. ]
 [5.8 2.7 3.9 1.2]
 [6.  2.7 5.1 1.6]
 [5.4 3.  4.5 1.5]
 [6.  3.4 4.5 1.6]
 [6.7 0.  4.7 1.5]
 [6.3 2.3 4.4 1.3]
 [5.6 3.  4.1 1.3]
 [5.5 2.5 4.  1.3]
 [5.5 2.6 4.4 1.2]
 [6.1 3.  4.6 1.4]
 [5.8 2.6 4.  1.2]
 [5.  2.3 3.3 1. ]
 [5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3]
 [5.7 3.  4.2 1.2]
 [5.7 2.9 4.2 1.3]
 [6.2 2.9 4.3 1.3]
 [5.1 2.5 3.  1.1]
 [5.7 2.8 4.1 1.3]
 [6.3 3.3 6.  2.5]
 [5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
 [7.1 3.  5.9 2.1]
 [6.3 0.  5.6 1.8]
 [6.5 3.  5.8 2.2]
 [7.6 3.  6.6 2.1]
 [4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]
 [7.3 2.9 6.3 1.8]
 [6.7 2.5 5.8 1.8]
 [7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5]
 [6.5 3.2 5.1 2. ]
 [6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9]
 [6.8 3.  5.5 2.1]
 [5.7 2.5 5.  2. ]
 [5.8 2.8 5.1 2.4]
 [6.4 3.2 5.3 2.3]
 [6.5 3.  0.  0. ]
 [7.7 3.8 6.7 2.2]
 [0.  2.6 6.9 2.3]
 [6.  2.2 5.  1.5]
 [6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3]
 [5.6 2.8 4.9 2. ]
 [0.  2.8 6.7 2. ]
 [0.  2.7 4.9 1.8]
 [6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1]
 [7.2 3.2 6.  1.8]
 [6.2 2.8 4.8 1.8]
 [6.1 3.  4.9 1.8]
 [6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1]
 [7.2 3.  5.8 1.6]
 [7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9]
 [7.9 3.8 6.4 2. ]
 [6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2]
 [6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5]
 [6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4]
 [7.7 3.  6.1 2.3]
 [6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4]
 [6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8]
 [6.  3.  4.8 0. ]
 [6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1]
 [6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4]
 [6.9 3.1 0.  2.3]
 [5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
 [6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3]
 [6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5]
 [6.7 3.  5.2 2.3]
 [6.3 2.5 5.  1.9]
 [6.5 3.  0.  2. ]
 [6.2 0.  0.  2.3]
 [5.9 3.  5.1 1.8]]

# 找出鸢尾属植物物种中的唯一值和唯一值出现的数量。
species = np.loadtxt("iris.txt", dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=(4))
print(np.unique(species, return_counts=True))

(array(['Iris-setosa', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-virginica'], dtype=object), array([50, 50, 50]))

# 将 iris_data 的花瓣长度（第3列）以形成分类变量的形式显示。
#定义：Less than 3 --> 'small'；3-5 --> 'medium'；'>=5 --> 'large'。
petallength = np.loadtxt("./iris.txt", dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=(2))

min = int(np.floor(np.amin(petallength)))
max = int(np.ceil(np.amax(petallength)))

bins = np.array([min, 3, 5, max])
inds = np.digitize(petallength, bins)
dic = {1:'small', 2:'medium', 3:'large'}
for i in inds:
    print(dic[i])

small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
large
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
large
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
large
large
large
large
large
large
medium
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
medium
large
medium
large
large
medium
medium
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
medium
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large

在 iris_data 中创建一个新列，其中 volume 是

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iris_data = np.loadtxt("./iris.txt", dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1)
petallength, sepallength = iris_data[:, 2].astype(float), iris_data[:, 0].astype(float)
volume = (np.pi*petallength*sepallength**2)/3
volume = volume[:, np.newaxis]
print(np.concatenate((iris_data, volume), axis=1))

[['5.1' '3.5' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 38.13265162927291]
 ['4.9' '3.0' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 35.200498485922445]
 ['4.7' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 30.0723720777127]
 ['4.6' '3.1' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 33.238050274980004]
 ['5.0' '3.6' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 36.65191429188092]
 ['5.4' '3.9' '1.7' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa' 51.911677007917746]
 ['4.6' '3.4' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa' 31.022180256648003]
 ['5.0' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 39.269908169872416]
 ['4.4' '2.9' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 28.38324242763259]
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa' 37.714819806345474]
 ['5.4' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 45.80442088933919]
 ['4.8' '3.4' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 38.60389052731138]
 ['4.8' '3.0' '1.4' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa' 33.77840421139745]
 ['4.3' '3.0' '1.1' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa' 21.298950993787603]
 ['5.8' '4.0' '1.2' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 42.273270746704256]
 ['5.7' '4.4' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa' 51.03517265756619]
 ['5.4' '3.9' '1.3' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa' 39.69716477076063]
 ['5.1' '3.5' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa' 38.13265162927291]
 ['5.7' '3.8' '1.7' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa' 57.83986234524169]
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.5' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa' 40.85641245993526]
 ['5.4' '3.4' '1.7' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 51.911677007917746]
 ['5.1' '3.7' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa' 40.85641245993526]
 ['4.6' '3.6' '1.0' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 22.158700183320004]
 ['5.1' '3.3' '1.7' '0.5' 'Iris-setosa' 46.303934121259964]
 ['4.8' '3.4' '1.9' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 45.84212000118226]
 ['5.0' '3.0' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 41.88790204786391]
 ['5.0' '3.4' '1.6' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa' 41.88790204786391]
 ['5.2' '3.5' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 42.47433267653401]
 ['5.2' '3.4' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 39.6427104980984]
 ['4.7' '3.2' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 37.01215024949256]
 ['4.8' '3.1' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 38.60389052731138]
 ['5.4' '3.4' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa' 45.80442088933919]
 ['5.2' '4.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa' 42.47433267653401]
 ['5.5' '4.2' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 44.34881629317591]
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa' 37.714819806345474]
 ['5.0' '3.2' '1.2' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 31.415926535897928]
 ['5.5' '3.5' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 41.18104370080621]
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa' 37.714819806345474]
 ['4.4' '3.0' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 26.355867968515977]
 ['5.1' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 40.85641245993526]
 ['5.0' '3.5' '1.3' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa' 34.033920413889426]
 ['4.5' '2.3' '1.3' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa' 27.567475535250434]
 ['4.4' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 26.355867968515977]
 ['5.0' '3.5' '1.6' '0.6' 'Iris-setosa' 41.88790204786391]
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.9' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa' 51.75145578258466]
 ['4.8' '3.0' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa' 33.77840421139745]
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 43.58017329059761]
 ['4.6' '3.2' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 31.022180256648003]
 ['5.3' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 44.123668819668644]
 ['5.0' '3.3' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 36.65191429188092]
 ['7.0' '3.2' '4.7' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor' 241.16959604057647]
 ['6.4' '3.2' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 193.01945263655693]
 ['6.9' '3.1' '4.9' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 244.29966952110314]
 ['5.5' '2.3' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 126.71090369478833]
 ['6.5' '2.8' '4.6' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 203.52284407505874]
 ['5.7' '2.8' '4.5' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 153.10551797269858]
 ['6.3' '3.3' '4.7' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor' 195.34737279286693]
 ['4.9' '2.4' '3.3' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor' 82.97260357396004]
 ['6.6' '2.9' '4.6' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 209.8332565185694]
 ['5.2' '2.7' '3.9' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor' 110.43326495898843]
 ['5.0' '2.0' '3.5' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor' 91.62978572970229]
 ['5.9' '3.0' '4.2' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 153.102376380045]
 ['6.0' '2.2' '4.0' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor' 150.79644737231007]
 ['6.1' '2.9' '4.7' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor' 183.14123813611934]
 ['5.6' '2.9' '3.6' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 118.22441473989107]
 ['6.7' '3.1' '4.4' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor' 206.83827152214724]
 ['5.6' '3.0' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 147.78051842486386]
 ['5.8' '2.7' '4.1' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor' 144.43367505123953]
 ['6.2' '2.2' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 181.1442324059875]
 ['5.6' '2.5' '3.9' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor' 128.07644930154868]
 ['5.9' '3.2' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-versicolor' 174.97414443433715]
 ['6.1' '2.8' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 155.86488352010159]
 ['6.3' '2.5' '4.9' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 203.66002695426553]
 ['6.1' '2.8' '4.7' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor' 183.14123813611934]
 ['6.4' '2.9' '4.3' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 184.4408102971544]
 ['6.6' '3.0' '4.4' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor' 200.71007145254472]
 ['6.8' '2.8' '4.8' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor' 232.42759088318724]
 ['6.7' '3.0' '5.0' '1.7' 'Iris-versicolor' 235.04349036607638]
 ['6.0' '2.9' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 169.64600329384882]
 ['5.7' '2.6' '3.5' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor' 119.08206953432112]
 ['5.5' '2.4' '3.8' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor' 120.3753585100489]
 ['5.5' '2.4' '3.7' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor' 117.2075859176792]
 ['5.8' '2.7' '3.9' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor' 137.38812992678882]
 ['6.0' '2.7' '5.1' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor' 192.26547039969532]
 ['5.4' '3.0' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 137.41326266801755]
 ['6.0' '3.4' '4.5' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor' 169.64600329384882]
 ['6.7' '3.1' '4.7' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor' 220.94088094411177]
 ['6.3' '2.3' '4.4' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 182.87839155076904]
 ['5.6' '3.0' '4.1' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 134.6444723426537]
 ['5.5' '2.5' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 126.71090369478833]
 ['5.5' '2.6' '4.4' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor' 139.38199406426716]
 ['6.1' '3.0' '4.6' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor' 179.2446160481168]
 ['5.8' '2.6' '4.0' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor' 140.9109024890142]
 ['5.0' '2.3' '3.3' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor' 86.3937979737193]
 ['5.6' '2.7' '4.2' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 137.92848386320625]
 ['5.7' '3.0' '4.2' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor' 142.89848344118533]
 ['5.7' '2.9' '4.2' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 142.89848344118533]
 ['6.2' '2.9' '4.3' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 173.09337763238804]
 ['5.1' '2.5' '3.0' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor' 81.71282491987051]
 ['5.7' '2.8' '4.1' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor' 139.49613859734757]
 ['6.3' '3.3' '6.0' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica' 249.37962484195774]
 ['5.8' '2.7' '5.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica' 179.66140067349306]
 ['7.1' '3.0' '5.9' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica' 311.4564484793409]
 ['6.3' '2.9' '5.6' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 232.7543165191606]
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.8' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica' 256.61575992072625]
 ['7.6' '3.0' '6.6' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica' 399.20846167696214]
 ['4.9' '2.5' '4.5' '1.7' 'Iris-virginica' 113.14445941903642]
 ['7.3' '2.9' '6.3' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 351.57249227058014]
 ['6.7' '2.5' '5.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 272.65044882464855]
 ['7.2' '3.6' '6.1' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica' 331.1489984295929]
 ['6.5' '3.2' '5.1' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica' 225.64489234408688]
 ['6.4' '2.7' '5.3' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica' 227.33402199416705]
 ['6.8' '3.0' '5.5' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica' 266.3232812203187]
 ['5.7' '2.5' '5.0' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica' 170.1172421918873]
 ['5.8' '2.8' '5.1' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica' 179.66140067349306]
 ['6.4' '3.2' '5.3' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica' 227.33402199416705]
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.5' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 243.34253095930936]
 ['7.7' '3.8' '6.7' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica' 415.99189682999014]
 ['7.7' '2.6' '6.9' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica' 428.4095653920794]
 ['6.0' '2.2' '5.0' '1.5' 'Iris-virginica' 188.4955592153876]
 ['6.9' '3.2' '5.7' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica' 284.1853298510792]
 ['5.6' '2.8' '4.9' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica' 160.91656450707399]
 ['7.7' '2.8' '6.7' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica' 415.99189682999014]
 ['6.3' '2.7' '4.9' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 203.66002695426553]
 ['6.7' '3.3' '5.7' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica' 267.94957901732704]
 ['7.2' '3.2' '6.0' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 325.7203263241898]
 ['6.2' '2.8' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 193.22051456638667]
 ['6.1' '3.0' '4.9' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 190.93448231212446]
 ['6.4' '2.8' '5.6' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica' 240.20198550327083]
 ['7.2' '3.0' '5.8' '1.6' 'Iris-virginica' 314.86298211338345]
 ['7.4' '2.8' '6.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica' 349.8016812115067]
 ['7.9' '3.8' '6.4' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica' 418.27583468914986]
 ['6.4' '2.8' '5.6' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica' 240.20198550327083]
 ['6.3' '2.8' '5.1' '1.5' 'Iris-virginica' 211.97268111566407]
 ['6.1' '2.6' '5.6' '1.4' 'Iris-virginica' 218.2108369281422]
 ['7.7' '3.0' '6.1' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica' 378.73889114372236]
 ['6.3' '3.4' '5.6' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica' 232.7543165191606]
 ['6.4' '3.1' '5.5' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 235.91266433356955]
 ['6.0' '3.0' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 180.95573684677208]
 ['6.9' '3.1' '5.4' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica' 269.22820722733815]
 ['6.7' '3.1' '5.6' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica' 263.24870921000553]
 ['6.9' '3.1' '5.1' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica' 254.27108460359707]
 ['5.8' '2.7' '5.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica' 179.66140067349306]
 ['6.8' '3.2' '5.9' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica' 285.692247127251]
 ['6.7' '3.3' '5.7' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica' 267.94957901732704]
 ['6.7' '3.0' '5.2' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica' 244.4452299807194]
 ['6.3' '2.5' '5.0' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica' 207.8163540349648]
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.2' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica' 230.0693019978925]
 ['6.2' '3.4' '5.4' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica' 217.373078887185]
 ['5.9' '3.0' '5.1' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica' 185.9100284614832]]

# 随机抽鸢尾属植物的种类，使得Iris-setosa的数量是Iris-versicolor和Iris-virginica数量的两倍。
species = np.random.choice(['Iris‐setosa', 'Iris‐versicolor', 'Iris‐virginica'], size=100, p=[0.5, 0.25, 0.25])
print(np.unique(species, return_counts=True))

(array(['Iris‐setosa', 'Iris‐versicolor', 'Iris‐virginica'], dtype='<U15'), array([45, 25, 30]))

# 根据 sepallength 列对数据集进行排序。
iris_data = np.loadtxt("./iris.txt", dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1)
print(iris_data[np.argsort(iris_data[:, 0])])

[['4.3' '3.0' '1.1' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.4' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.4' '3.0' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.4' '2.9' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.5' '2.3' '1.3' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.6' '1.0' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.1' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.4' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.6' '3.2' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.7' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.7' '3.2' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.0' '1.4' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.0' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.4' '1.9' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.4' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.8' '3.1' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '2.4' '3.3' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['4.9' '2.5' '4.5' '1.7' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['4.9' '3.0' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.5' '1.3' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.4' '1.6' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.3' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.2' '1.2' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.5' '1.6' '0.6' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '2.0' '3.5' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.0' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '2.3' '3.3' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.0' '3.6' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.0' '3.0' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.9' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '2.5' '3.0' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.1' '3.5' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.5' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.3' '1.7' '0.5' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.7' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.1' '3.8' '1.5' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.2' '4.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.2' '3.4' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.2' '3.5' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.2' '2.7' '3.9' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.3' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.0' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.4' '3.9' '1.7' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.4' '1.7' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.4' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.4' '3.9' '1.3' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.5' '3.5' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.5' '2.6' '4.4' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '4.2' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.5' '2.3' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.4' '3.7' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.4' '3.8' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.5' '2.5' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '3.0' '4.1' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.8' '4.9' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.6' '3.0' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.5' '3.9' '1.1' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.7' '4.2' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.6' '2.9' '3.6' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.6' '3.5' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.9' '4.2' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.8' '4.1' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '4.4' '1.5' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.7' '2.8' '4.5' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.7' '2.5' '5.0' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.7' '3.8' '1.7' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.7' '3.0' '4.2' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '4.1' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '4.0' '1.2' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
 ['5.8' '2.6' '4.0' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '2.8' '5.1' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '5.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '3.9' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.8' '2.7' '5.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.9' '3.0' '5.1' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['5.9' '3.0' '4.2' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['5.9' '3.2' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.9' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.7' '5.1' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '3.0' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.0' '3.4' '4.5' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.2' '4.0' '1.0' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.0' '2.2' '5.0' '1.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.1' '3.0' '4.9' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.1' '2.6' '5.6' '1.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.1' '2.8' '4.0' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '2.9' '4.7' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '2.8' '4.7' '1.2' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.1' '3.0' '4.6' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.2' '2.2' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.2' '2.9' '4.3' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.2' '3.4' '5.4' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.2' '2.8' '4.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.5' '4.9' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '2.7' '4.9' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.5' '5.0' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '3.3' '4.7' '1.6' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '2.8' '5.1' '1.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '3.3' '6.0' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.3' '4.4' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.3' '3.4' '5.6' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.3' '2.9' '5.6' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '2.8' '5.6' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '2.8' '5.6' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '3.1' '5.5' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '3.2' '4.5' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.4' '3.2' '5.3' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.4' '2.9' '4.3' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.4' '2.7' '5.3' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.8' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.5' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '3.0' '5.2' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.5' '2.8' '4.6' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.5' '3.2' '5.1' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.6' '2.9' '4.6' '1.3' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.6' '3.0' '4.4' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.1' '4.7' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.1' '5.6' '2.4' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '2.5' '5.8' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.0' '5.0' '1.7' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.1' '4.4' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.7' '3.3' '5.7' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.0' '5.2' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.7' '3.3' '5.7' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.8' '3.2' '5.9' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.8' '2.8' '4.8' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.8' '3.0' '5.5' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.9' '3.1' '5.4' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.9' '3.1' '5.1' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['6.9' '3.1' '4.9' '1.5' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['6.9' '3.2' '5.7' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.0' '3.2' '4.7' '1.4' 'Iris-versicolor']
 ['7.1' '3.0' '5.9' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.2' '3.0' '5.8' '1.6' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.2' '3.2' '6.0' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.2' '3.6' '6.1' '2.5' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.3' '2.9' '6.3' '1.8' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.4' '2.8' '6.1' '1.9' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.6' '3.0' '6.6' '2.1' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '2.8' '6.7' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '2.6' '6.9' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '3.8' '6.7' '2.2' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.7' '3.0' '6.1' '2.3' 'Iris-virginica']
 ['7.9' '3.8' '6.4' '2.0' 'Iris-virginica']]

# 在鸢尾属植物数据集中找到最常见的花瓣长度值（第3列）。
petallength = np.loadtxt("./iris.txt", dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=(2))
elems, counts = np.unique(petallength,return_counts=True)
print(elems[np.argmax(counts)])

1.5

# 在鸢尾花数据集的 petalwidth（第4列）中查找第一次出现的值大于1.0的位置。
petalwidth = np.loadtxt("iris.txt", dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=(3))
print(np.where(petalwidth>1.0)[0][0])

50