Ubuntu操作系统的基础配置
一、基本字符集的配置
1.更改字符集
root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/default/locale
# File generated by update-locale
LANG="en_US.UTF-8"
LANGUAGE="en_US:en"
#如果想设置成为中文:
LANG="zh_CN.uft8"
LANGUAGE="zh_CN.utf8"
#重新启动生效:rebbot
#注意:在更改字符集之前首先要查看一下是否有相关语言包
命令:
#查看当前使用的字符集情况
root@ubuntu:~# locale
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LANGUAGE=en_US:en
LC_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_TIME="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_PAPER="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_NAME="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_ADDRESS="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_TELEPHONE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_ALL=
#locate -a 查看当前系统中支持的所有字符集
二、网络相关的初始化配置
1.配置静态ip
Ubuntu配置网卡的位置:/etc/network/interfaces
Centos配置网卡的位置:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
Ubuntu把所有的网卡配置信息放在/etc/network/interfaces 中 ,而Centos 则把网卡配置在一个目录下
root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/network/interfaces
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
auto lo //本地的环回网卡
iface lo inet loopback
auto ens33 //配置的网卡ens33 采用了redhad命名规则
iface ens33 inet static
address 192.168.209.129
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.209.2
dns-nameserver 192.168.209.2
#auto:表示开机自动加载网卡
#iface 网卡名 inet 状态 static/dhcp
#address ip地址
#netmask 掩码
#gateway 网关地址
#dns-nameserver dns服务器地址
:wq
root@ubuntu:~# /etc/init.d/networking restart
root@ubuntu:~# ifconfig -a //查看我们配置的网卡
ens33 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:8f:ee:b6
inet addr:192.168.209.129 Bcast:192.168.209.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe8f:eeb6/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:69922 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:17844 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:45580319 (45.5 MB) TX bytes:1807995 (1.8 MB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:3730 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:3730 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:326440 (326.4 KB) TX bytes:326440 (326.4 KB)
2.配置虚拟网卡
配置虚拟网卡在这里我指的是在一个网卡上配置两个或者多个ip地址
优点:打破物理接口的数量限制,在一个接口中实现多个VLAN间的路由和通信。
缺点:
由于独立的物理接口无带宽争用现象,与子接口相比,物理接口的性能更好。子接口用于 VLAN 间路由时,被发送的流量会争用单个物理接口的带宽。网络繁忙时,会导致通信瓶颈。为均衡物理接口上的流量负载,可将子接口配置在多个物理接口上,以减轻 VLAN 流量之间竞争带宽的现象
root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/network/interfaces
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto ens33
iface ens33 inet static
address 192.168.209.129
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.209.2
dns-nameserver 192.168.209.2
auto ens33:1
iface ens33:1 inet static
address 192.168.2.129
netmask 255.255.255.0
使用ubutu 16.04 不知道什么原因何重启后不生效,需要手动删除ip表 重启
#ip addr flush dev ens33; ifdown enp3s0f0;ifup ens33
root@ubuntu:~# ifconfig -a
ens33 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:8f:ee:b6
inet addr:192.168.209.129 Bcast:192.168.209.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe8f:eeb6/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1787 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1134 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:137038 (137.0 KB) TX bytes:133270 (133.2 KB)
ens33:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:8f:ee:b6
inet addr:192.168.2.129 Bcast:192.168.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:4000 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4000 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:296000 (296.0 KB) TX bytes:296000 (296.0 KB)
3.配置DNS
配置dns有两种方式,两个位置同时起作用:
/etc/network/interface --> dns-nameserver ip
/etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base --> nameserver ip
root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base
nameserver 8.8.8.8
重启网络服务: /etc/init.d/networking restart
root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
nameserver 192.168.209.2 //interface配置
nameserver 8.8.8.8 //base 配置
//两者同时起作用
4.配置双网卡
配置双网卡的方式和配置子网卡的方式一样,这里不再赘述
注意内网网卡不要配置网关 linux系统中只能有一个默认网关
解决办法:
1.外网网卡设置网关 内网网卡不配置网关 ,内网网卡设置静态路由,配置发送的数据包走内网网卡
#sudo route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev ens38(让对192.168.2.0的访问走ens38网卡,netmask 后面是子网掩码)
三、查看系统版本 以及Linux内核版本的命令
root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/issue
Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS \n \l
root@ubuntu:~# uname -r
4.4.0-62-generic
root@ubuntu:~# uname
Linux
root@ubuntu:~# uname -a
Linux ubuntu 4.4.0-62-generic #83-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jan 18 14:10:15 UTC 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
四、apt源
1.配置apt源
区别于reahad系 rpm yum源 dibian使用apt源
位置 /etc/apt/sourse.list --> 去官方下载清华源或者阿里源
# 这里我配置了清华源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
2.apt安装软件的命令
apt-get install 软件包 #安装软件包
apt-get remove 软件包 #卸载软件包
apt-get update #更新缓存
apt-cache search package #查找软件包
apt-cache depends package #查看软件包的依赖
apt-get clean #清理缓存
cat /etc/apt/sources.list | grep -Ev "^#|^$" 查看当前的apt源
rpm相对的dpkg
介绍: 使用文本方式作为数据库 通常在/var/lib/dkpg目录下 的status下存储软件状态和控制信息
#dpkg -L #查看所有已经安装的软件的文件 对比 rpm -ql
root@ubuntu:~# dpkg -L vim
/.
/usr
/usr/share
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/lintian
/usr/share/lintian/overrides
/usr/share/lintian/overrides/vim
/usr/share/bug
/usr/share/bug/vim
/usr/share/bug/vim/script
/usr/share/bug/vim/presubj
/usr/bin
/usr/bin/vim.basic
/usr/share/doc/vim
#dpkg -l | grep ansible #查看ansible的信息 对比 rpm -qa | grep ansible
#apt list --installed | grep vim #查看已经安装的软件版本信息
root@ubuntu:~# dpkg -l | grep vim
ii vim 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2 amd64 Vi IMproved -
ii vim-common 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2 amd64 Vi IMproved -
ii vim-runtime 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2 all Vi IMproved -
ii vim-tiny 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2 amd64 Vi IMproved -sion combination with the other options
root@ubuntu:~# apt list --installed | grep vim
WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.
vim/now 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2 amd64 [installed,upgradable to: 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.5]
vim-common/now 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2 amd64 [installed,upgradable to: 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.5]
vim-runtime/now 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2 all [installed,upgradable to: 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.5]
vim-tiny/now 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2 amd64 [installed,upgradable to: 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.5]
总结:
Ubuntu 是 debian系的操作系统
Centos 是 redhat 系操作系统
在一些基本的配置上会有些许的差别,比如网络配置 dns配置 源配置等等
各有各的优势 希望大家对比着学习,自己感受他们之间的差别 不要仅仅局限于一种系统来学习,比如一些对于图像处理的操作系统多用的是Ubuntu。