MYSQL数据库的操作(中)

–数据库操作前的准备
– 创建数据库
– create database python_test_1 charset=utf8;

– 使用数据库
– use python_test_1;

– students表

 create table students(
     id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,
     name varchar(20) default '',
     age tinyint unsigned default 0,
     height decimal(5,2),
     gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',
     cls_id int unsigned default 0,
     is_delete bit default 0
 );

– classes表

 create table classes (
     id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
     name varchar(30) not null
 );

– 查询练习
– 查询所有字段
– select * from 表名;
select * from students;

-- 查询指定字段
-- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;


-- 使用 as 给字段起别名
-- select 字段 as 名字.... from 表名;



-- select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;


-- 可以通过 as 给表起别名
-- select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;




-- 消除重复行(查性别)

-- distinct 字段 

select distinct gender from students;
select gender from students group by gender;

– 条件查询
– 比较运算符
– select … from 表名 where …
– >
– 查询年纪大于18岁的信息
select * from students where age >18;

	-- <
	-- 查询年纪小于18岁的信息
	select * from students where age <18;
	

	-- >=
	-- <=
	-- 查询小于或者等于18岁的信息
	-- =
	-- 查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
	select * from students where age <= 18;

	select name,age from students where age = 18;



	-- != 或者 <>
	-- 查询年龄不为18岁的所有学生的名字
	select name,age from students where age != 18;
	


-- 逻辑运算符
	-- and
	-- 18和28之间的所以学生信息
		select * from students where age > 18 and age < 28;

	-- 18岁以上的女性
	select * from students where age > 18 and gender = "女";

	-- or
	-- 18以上或者身高高过180(包含)以上
	select * from students where age > 18 or height >= 180;

	-- not
	-- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
	-- select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);
	select * from students where not (age > 18 and gender = "女");


-- 模糊查询(where name like 要查询的数据)
	-- like 
	-- % 替换任意个
	-- _ 替换1个
	-- 查询姓名中 以 "小" 开始的名字
	select * from students where name like "小%";
	

	-- 查询姓名中 有 "小" 所有的名字
	select * from students where name like "%小%";

	-- 查询有2个字的名字
	select * from students where name like "__";


	-- 查询有3个字的名字
	select * from students where name like "___";

	-- 查询至少有2个字的名字
	select * from students where name like "__%";


-- 范围查询
	-- in (1, 3, 8)表示在一个非连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄为18或34的姓名
	select * from students where age in (18,34);
	

	-- not in 不非连续的范围之内
	-- 年龄不是 18或34岁的信息
	select * from students where age not in (18,34);
	
	-- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄在18到34之间的的信息
	select * from students where age between 18 and 34;

	
	-- not between ... and ...表示不在一个连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄不在18到34之间的的信息
	select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;

-- 空判断
	-- 判空is null
	-- 查询身高为空的信息
	select * from students where height is null;


	-- 判非空is not null
	select * from students where height is not null;

– 排序
– order by 字段
– asc
– asc从小到大排列，即升序
– desc
– desc从大到小排序，即降序
– 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到大到排序
select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender = “男” order by age asc;

-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender = "女" order by height desc;

-- order by 多个字段
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序
select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender = "女" order by height desc ,age asc;

-- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序
select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender = "女" order by height desc ,age asc,id desc;

– 聚合函数
– 总数
– count
– 查询男性有多少人
select count(*) from students where gender = “男”;

-- 最大值
-- max
-- 查询最大的年龄
select max(age) from students;

-- 查询女性的最高 身高
select max(height) from students where gender = "女";


-- 最小值
-- min
select min(height) from students where gender ="女";


-- 求和
-- sum
-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
select sum(age) from students;

-- 平均值
-- avg
-- 计算平均年龄
select avg(age) from students;


-- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
select sum(age)/count(*) from students;


-- 四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数
-- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数
select round(avg(age),2) from students;


-- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数
select round(avg(height),2) from students where gender = "男";

– 分组

-- group by
-- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别
select gender from students group by gender;


-- 计算每种性别中的人数
select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;


-- group_concat(...)
-- 查询同种性别中的姓名
select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;



-- 查询每组性别的平均年龄
select gender,avg(age) from students group by gender;


-- having(注意having和group by 连用 having后通常也要跟 聚合函数)
-- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名
select gender,avg(age),group_concat(name) from students group by gender having avg(age) > 30;


-- 查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息
	select gender,count(*) from students group by gender having count(*) > 2;



-- with rollup 汇总的作用(了解)
--select gender,count(*) from students group by gender with rollup;
select gender,count(*) from students group by gender with rollup;

– 分页
– limit start, count
– limit 放在最后面(注意)

-- 限制查询出来的数据个数
-- 查询前5个数据
select * from students limit 0,5;

-- 每页显示2个，第1个页面
select * from students limit 0,2;

-- 每页显示2个，第2个页面
select * from students limit 2,2;
-- 每页显示2个，第3个页面
select * from students limit 4,2;
-- 每页显示2个，第4个页面
select * from students limit 6,2;

-- 每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序
select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2;

– 连接查询
– inner join … on
– select … from 表A inner join 表B;
– 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息
select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

select * fron students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;


-- 按照要求显示姓名、班级
select students.name ,classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

select students.name, classes.name from	students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;
-- 给数据表起名字	
select s.name ,c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id;

select s.name, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id;

-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息，显示学生的所有信息 students.*，只显示班级名称 classes.naselme.
select students.*, classes.name as c_name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

select students.*, classes.name as c_name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

-- 在以上的查询中，将班级名显示在第1列
select classes.name as c_name,students.* from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级名进行排序
select classes.name as c_name,students.* from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id order by c_name asc;



-- 当时同一个班级的时候，按照学生的id进行从小到大排序
	select classes.name as c_name,students.* from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id order by classes.name asc,id asc;



-- left join
-- 查询每位学生对应的班级信息
	select students.name as s_name,classes.name as c_name from students left join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;


-- 查询没有对应班级信息的学生
select students.name as s_name,classes.name as c_name from students left join  classes on students.cls_id = classes.id where classes.name is null;


-- right join   on
-- 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成

select students.name as s_name,classes.name as c_name from classes right join students on students.cls_id = classes.id;

– 子查询
– 标量子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一个数据(一行一列)
– 列子查询: 返回的结果是一列(一列多行)
– 行子查询: 返回的结果是一行(一行多列)

-- 查询出高于平均身高的信息(height)
select avg(height) from students;
select * from students where height > (select avg(height) from students);

select * from students where height > (select avg(height) from students);


-- 查询学生的班级号能够对应的 学生名字
select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);
--数据操作前的准备
--创建数据库表
-- create table areas(

– aid int primary key,
– atitle varchar(20),
– pid int
– );
–从sql文件中导入数据
– source 具体地址/areas.sql;
create table areas (aid int primary key,atitle varchar(20),pid int);

--查询一共有多少个省
select * from areas where pid is null;

--例1：查询省的名称为“山西省”的所有城市
select * from areas where pid = (select aid from areas where atitle = '山西省');

--例2：查询市的名称为“广州市”的所有区县
	select * from areas where pid = (select aid from areas where atitle = '广州市');
	select * from areas as a1 inner join areas as a2 on a1.pid = a2.aid where a2.atitle = '广州市';