在npm安装包的时候-S和-D的区别,让你快速明白

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43353869/article/details/107341875

1. 什么是NPM

简单来说，NPM（Node Package Manager）是包含在Node.js里面的一个包管理工具，NPM会随着Node.js一起安装。NPM为开发者提供了一个代码模块共享的大平台，当我们项目中需要使用某个模块（JavaScript包）时，可以直接使用NPM包管理工具来下载对应的包并安装，我们也可以把自己用Node.js写的代码发布到平台上供他人使用。

2. package.json文件

所有的安装包是在,package.json中,如果你想查看自己安装哪些依赖环境和插件,可以在package.json中查找

搭建一个前端项目之前，通常会在项目的根目录下生成一个名为package.json的文件作为NPM包的描述文件，使用该文件来定义项目信息、配置包依赖关系。package.json文件可以自己手动创建，也可以使用命令来创建：

npm init
文件中包含了NPM包的基本信息（项目名称、版本号、项目描述、作者）和依赖管理，例如：

{
  "name": "react-cms",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "private": true,
  "dependencies": {
    "@babel/core": "7.9.0",
    "@svgr/webpack": "4.3.3",
    "@testing-library/jest-dom": "^4.2.4",
    "@testing-library/react": "^9.5.0",
    "@testing-library/user-event": "^7.2.1",
    "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^2.10.0",
    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^2.10.0",
    "babel-eslint": "10.1.0",
    "babel-jest": "^24.9.0",
    "babel-loader": "8.1.0",
    "babel-plugin-named-asset-import": "^0.3.6",
    "babel-preset-react-app": "^9.1.2",
    "camelcase": "^5.3.1",
    "case-sensitive-paths-webpack-plugin": "2.3.0",
    "css-loader": "3.4.2",
    "dotenv": "8.2.0",
    "dotenv-expand": "5.1.0",
    "eslint": "^6.6.0",
    "eslint-config-react-app": "^5.2.1",
    "eslint-loader": "3.0.3",
    "eslint-plugin-flowtype": "4.6.0",
    "eslint-plugin-import": "2.20.1",
    "eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y": "6.2.3",
    "eslint-plugin-react": "7.19.0",
    "eslint-plugin-react-hooks": "^1.6.1",
    "file-loader": "4.3.0",
    "fs-extra": "^8.1.0",
    "html-webpack-plugin": "4.0.0-beta.11",
    "identity-obj-proxy": "3.0.0",
    "jest": "24.9.0",
    "jest-environment-jsdom-fourteen": "1.0.1",
    "jest-resolve": "24.9.0",
    "jest-watch-typeahead": "0.4.2",
    "mini-css-extract-plugin": "0.9.0",
    "optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin": "5.0.3",
    "pnp-webpack-plugin": "1.6.4",
    "postcss-flexbugs-fixes": "4.1.0",
    "postcss-loader": "3.0.0",
    "postcss-normalize": "8.0.1",
    "postcss-preset-env": "6.7.0",
    "postcss-safe-parser": "4.0.1",
    "react": "^16.13.1",
    "react-app-polyfill": "^1.0.6",
    "react-dev-utils": "^10.2.1",
    "react-dom": "^16.13.1",
    "resolve": "1.15.0",
    "resolve-url-loader": "3.1.1",
    "sass-loader": "8.0.2",
    "semver": "6.3.0",
    "style-loader": "0.23.1",
    "terser-webpack-plugin": "2.3.5",
    "ts-pnp": "1.1.6",
    "url-loader": "2.3.0",
    "webpack": "4.42.0",
    "webpack-dev-server": "3.10.3",
    "webpack-manifest-plugin": "2.2.0",
    "workbox-webpack-plugin": "4.3.1"
  },
  "scripts": {
    "start": "node scripts/start.js",
    "build": "node scripts/build.js",
    "test": "node scripts/test.js"
  },
  "eslintConfig": {
    "extends": "react-app"
  },
  "browserslist": {
    "production": [
      ">0.2%",
      "not dead",
      "not op_mini all"
    ],
    "development": [
      "last 1 chrome version",
      "last 1 firefox version",
      "last 1 safari version"
    ]
  },
  "jest": {
    "roots": [
      "<rootDir>/src"
    ],
    "collectCoverageFrom": [
      "src/**/*.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}",
      "!src/**/*.d.ts"
    ],
    "setupFiles": [
      "react-app-polyfill/jsdom"
    ],
    "setupFilesAfterEnv": [],
    "testMatch": [
      "<rootDir>/src/**/__tests__/**/*.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}",
      "<rootDir>/src/**/*.{spec,test}.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}"
    ],
    "testEnvironment": "jest-environment-jsdom-fourteen",
    "transform": {
      "^.+\\.(js|jsx|ts|tsx)$": "<rootDir>/node_modules/babel-jest",
      "^.+\\.css$": "<rootDir>/config/jest/cssTransform.js",
      "^(?!.*\\.(js|jsx|ts|tsx|css|json)$)": "<rootDir>/config/jest/fileTransform.js"
    },
    "transformIgnorePatterns": [
      "[/\\\\]node_modules[/\\\\].+\\.(js|jsx|ts|tsx)$",
      "^.+\\.module\\.(css|sass|scss)$"
    ],
    "modulePaths": [],
    "moduleNameMapper": {
      "^react-native$": "react-native-web",
      "^.+\\.module\\.(css|sass|scss)$": "identity-obj-proxy"
    },
    "moduleFileExtensions": [
      "web.js",
      "js",
      "web.ts",
      "ts",
      "web.tsx",
      "tsx",
      "json",
      "web.jsx",
      "jsx",
      "node"
    ],
    "watchPlugins": [
      "jest-watch-typeahead/filename",
      "jest-watch-typeahead/testname"
    ]
  },
  "babel": {
    "presets": [
      "react-app"
    ]
  },
  "devDependencies": {}
}

在package.json文件中，所有的依赖包都会在 dependencies 和 devDependencies 的配置项中进行管理，它们的意思是：

dependencies：表示生产环境下的依赖管理；
devDependencies：表示开发环境下的依赖管理；

npm install name -save 简写（npm install name -S）自动把模块和版本号添加到dependencies。
npm install name -save-dve 简写（npm install name -D）自动把模块和版本号添加到devdependencies。

-D后，安装包会在package中的 devDependencies对象中。简称dev。dev是在开发环境中要用到的。

例如：

构建工具：**gulp和webpack是用来压缩代码，打包等需要的工具，程序实际运行的时候并不需要，**就要放在dev中所以要用 -D

-S后，安装包会在package中的 dependencies 对象中。简称dep。dep是在生产环境中要用到的。

例如：

项目插件：例如element ui、echarts这种插件要在运行中使用的，就要放在dep中所以就用 -S
一般我们项目插件，在api中都可以看到，一般都是-S。因为这些插件是在程序运行中使用的。
cnpm i node-sass -S 是运行环境安装在是-S 工具是-D
npm install http-proxy-middleware --save

结合npm的中文官网