磁盘管理
根据Linux下皆文件的思想,Linux中将硬盘、分区等设备也是表示为文件,存放在目录/dev/下:
当我们往主板上插入一块新的硬盘时,/dev/目录下就会产生一个设备文件。怎么看哪个是设备文件呢?
我们知道,硬盘接口类型有IDE、SATA、SCSI,故IDE接口的硬盘的文件名格式为hd*;由于SATA/USB/SCSI等磁盘接口都是使用SCSI模块来驱动的,故SATA和SCSI接口的硬盘的文件名格式为sd*。
master boot record——主引导记录MBR包含了硬盘的主引导程序和硬盘分区表,在而分区表中有4个分区记录区,每个分区记录区占16个字节。
怎么划分分区呢?我们来认识一下磁盘管理工具fdisk。
fdisk
我们用fdisk命令,加上参数<设备路径>,对该设备进行磁盘管理:
[root@nat18 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x571c56c2.
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
从输入m请求help的输出信息中我们可以看到,输入不同的字母可以执行不同的操作,下面我们介绍一下几个常用的:
字母 | 作用 |
---|---|
n | 创建分区 new |
d | 删除分区 delete |
t | 转换分区system id |
w | 保存退出交互 write |
p | 打印该磁盘分区情况 print |
q | 退出不保存 quit |
好,我们来试着用这些交互来创建一个分区:
Command (m for help): n //创建分区
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): //默认创建主分区
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): //分区号
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): //指定起始扇区,默认2048
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +10G //指定结尾扇区,也可直接指定大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p //打印分区情况
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x571c56c2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w //保存退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
完成后确认,没有问题则输入w保存退出。退出交互后我们来确认一下是否成功,用fdisk -l dev_path
[root@nat18 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb //查看/dev/sdb设备的分区情况
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x571c56c2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 83 Linux
以及能看到这个分区了,分区创建成功!但我们现在还不能使用这个分区,我们还要进行格式化和挂载,使用mkfs命令来对分区进行格式化。
mkfs
一般用法:
mkfs -t 文件系统类型
或
mkfs.文件系统类型
我们看下实例:
[root@nat18 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 //格式化为ext4格式
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655360 inodes, 2621440 blocks
131072 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2151677952
80 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
没有报错,格式化成功。
注:格式化会导致磁盘数据丢失,慎用。
格式化完成后接下来是挂载。
mount
命令格式:
mount dev_path mountpoint
我们创建一个挂载点,把格式化好的分区挂载起来:
[root@nat18 ~]# mkdir /sdb1 //创建挂载点
[root@nat18 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /sdb1/ //挂载分区
用df命令来验证一下:
[root@nat18 ~]# df -Th //查看挂载情况
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 17G 9.7G 7.4G 57% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 8.0M 479M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 171M 844M 17% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 ext4 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /sdb1
既然有挂载,那自然就有取消挂载。
umount
命令格式:
umount dev_path
或
umount mountpoint
例子:
[root@nat18 ~]# umount /sdb1/
[root@nat18 ~]# df -Th //查看设备是否还是挂载状态
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 17G 9.7G 7.4G 57% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 8.0M 479M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 171M 844M 17% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
至此为止,我们就把一块新的硬盘真正地使用起来了。但这样挂载存在一个问题:设备关机重启后,这些分区需要重新去挂载。作为管理员,这样的懒我们当然要想办法去偷~
自动挂载
当系统下划分了新的分区后,需要将这些分区设置为开机自动挂载,/etc/fstab文件负责配置Linux开机时自动挂载的分区。
我们用vim编辑器进入/etc/fstab文件中一看究竟:
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Aug 31 07:09:33 2019
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=01918100-0888-4544-b866-be556b8f36a1 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
我们来解读一下这个配置文件,看第一行,首先是一个设备路径,说明这是个分区;xfs是高性能日志文件系统,所以路径后面应该是文件系统类型;‘defaults’表示的是权限,默认的权限是读写,根据需要也可以改成ro(read only);最后两个0分别是容灾和加载顺序,一般填0就可以了。
回到原来的需求上,要实现自动挂载,就要把我们刚挂载的sdb1写入到/etc/fstab文件中:
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Aug 31 07:09:33 2019
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=01918100-0888-4544-b866-be556b8f36a1 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /sdb1 ext4 defaults 0 0 //写入sdb1的挂载情况
写好文件后,保存退出。在命令行中重新挂载我们的sdb1(因为刚刚用umount取消挂载了),这时因为我们已经把sdb1写入到/etc/fstab中了,所以只需要使用命令‘mount -a’ 就能把/etc/fstab中的设备全部挂载。
[root@nat18 ~]# df -Th //sdb1未挂载
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 17G 9.7G 7.4G 57% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 15M 473M 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 171M 844M 17% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
[root@nat18 ~]# mount -a //挂载
[root@nat18 ~]# df -Th //sdb1成功挂载
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 17G 9.7G 7.4G 57% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 15M 473M 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 171M 844M 17% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 ext4 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /sdb1
LVM
通过给fdisk命令给硬盘分区,确实可以给我们带来便利,但仍存在局限性:不能动态地改变分区的大小。而LVM,解决了这个问题。
LVM基本概念
PV——物理卷
VG——卷组
LV——逻辑卷
假如把所有的硬盘都当作资源来看,物理卷就是把硬盘经过加工,变成了适合去做LVM的一种形态;再把这些物理卷变成一个整体,也就是卷组,也可以把卷组理解成一个由很多硬盘组成的大硬盘;最后根据需要,对卷组进行划分,成为逻辑卷,逻辑卷就是可以灵活控制大小的磁盘啦。
物理卷PV管理
我们把/dev/sdc和/dev/sdd两个硬盘做成物理卷,首先按照fdisk分区的方法为两个硬盘分区,两个硬盘都分1个主分区就好。
pvcreate
[root@nat18 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 //创建物理卷
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.
Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created.
pvscan
[root@nat18 ~]# pvscan //扫描做了物理卷的硬盘
PV /dev/sda2 VG centos lvm2 [<19.00 GiB / 0 free]
PV /dev/sdc1 lvm2 [<20.00 GiB]
PV /dev/sdd1 lvm2 [<20.00 GiB]
Total: 3 [58.99 GiB] / in use: 1 [<19.00 GiB] / in no VG: 2 [<40.00 GiB]
pvremove
[root@nat18 ~]# pvremove /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 //删除物理卷
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully wiped.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully wiped.
卷组VG管理
vgcreate
[root@nat18 ~]# vgcreate myvg1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 //创建卷组,名为myvg1
Volume group "myvg1" successfully created
vgscan
[root@nat18 ~]# vgscan //扫描卷组
Reading volume groups from cache.
Found volume group "myvg1" using metadata type lvm2
vgremove
[root@nat18 ~]# vgremove myvg1 //删除卷组
Volume group "myvg1" successfully removed
逻辑卷LV管理
lvcreate
[root@nat18 ~]# lvcreate -L 10G -n mylv1 /dev/myvg1 //创建逻辑卷,大小为10G,名字为mylv1,使用卷组myvg1创建
Logical volume "mylv1" created.
lvscan
[root@nat18 ~]# lvscan //扫描LV
ACTIVE '/dev/myvg1/mylv1' [10.00 GiB] inherit
lvremove
[root@nat18 ~]# lvremove /dev/myvg1/mylv1 //删除LV
Do you really want to remove active logical volume myvg1/mylv1?[y/n]: yes
Logical volume "mylv1" successfully removed
lvextend
[root@nat18 ~]# lvextend -L +5G /dev/myvg1/mylv1 //lv扩容+5G
Size of logical volume myvg1/mylv1 changed from 10.00 GiB (2560 extents) to 15.00 GiB (3840 extents).
Logical volume myvg1/mylv1 successfully resized.
[root@nat18 ~]# lvscan
ACTIVE '/dev/myvg1/mylv1' [15.00 GiB] inherit
lvreduce
[root@nat18 ~]# lvreduce -L -5G /dev/myvg1/mylv1 //lv减5G
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 10.00 GiB.
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce myvg1/mylv1? [y/n]: yes
Size of logical volume myvg1/mylv1 changed from 15.00 GiB (3840 extents) to 10.00 GiB (2560 extents).
Logical volume myvg1/mylv1 successfully resized.
[root@nat18 ~]# lvscan
ACTIVE '/dev/myvg1/mylv1' [10.00 GiB] inherit
到这里,我们创建的逻辑卷mylv1就可以当做正常的硬盘一样使用啦:
[root@nat18 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/myvg1/mylv1 //格式化
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655360 inodes, 2621440 blocks
131072 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2151677952
80 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@nat18 ~]# mount /dev/myvg1/mylv1 /mylv1/ //挂载,需先创建挂载点
[root@nat18 ~]# df -Th //查看挂载情况
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 17G 9.7G 7.4G 57% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 475M 0 475M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 15M 473M 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 171M 844M 17% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 ext4 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /sdb1
/dev/mapper/myvg1-mylv1 ext4 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /mylv1 //挂载成功