达梦数据库（DM8）常用SQL

表字段增加

ALTER TABLE "DM"."EMPLOYEE" add "IS_REPEAT" VARCHAR(255);
COMMENT ON COLUMN "DM"."EMPLOYEE"."IS_REPEAT" IS '是否重复，1、是，0、否';

表字段删除

ALTER TABLE "DM"."EMPLOYEE" DROP COLUMN IS_REPEAT;

 CRUD 功能

-- 插入数据
INSERT INTO department VALUES(666, '数据库产品中心');
INSERT INTO employee VALUES (9999, '王达梦','2008-05-30 00:00:00', 30000, 666);
commit;
-- 因为 employee 员工表和 department 部门表存在主外键约束，所以此示例中须按顺序执行插入语句，即先在 department 表中插入数据。

-- 更新数据
UPDATE employee SET salary='35000' WHERE employee_id=9999;
commit;

-- 验证数据
SELECT salary,employee_id FROM employee;

-- 删除数据
DELETE FROM employee;
DELETE FROM department WHERE department_id=666;
commit;

-- 验证数据
SELECT * FROM employee;

批量插入及选择排序

-- 在 t1 表中批量插入 100000 条数据记录。
CREATE TABLE t1 AS
     SELECT rownum AS id,
       trunc(dbms_random.value(0, 100)) AS random_id,
       dbms_random.string('x', 20) AS random_string
     FROM dual
     connect BY level <= 100000;
-- 使用 COUNT(*) 聚集函数统计 t1 表中的总数据记录。
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;
-- 使用 ORDER BY 语句实现选择排序。
SELECT * FROM t1 where rownum<5 ORDER BY id DESC;

验证分组查询

 -- 插入准备数据
INSERT INTO department (department_id, department_name)
     SELECT department_id, department_name FROM dmhr.department;
INSERT INTO employee
     (employee_id, employee_name, hire_date, salary, department_id)
     SELECT employee_id, employee_name, hire_date, salary,
     department_id FROM dmhr.employee;
commit;
SELECT dept.department_name as 部门, count(*) as 人数
     FROM employee emp, department dept
     where emp.department_id=dept.department_id
     GROUP BY dept.department_name
     HAVING count(*) > 20;

 创建视图

-- 定义视图
CREATE OR replace VIEW v1 AS
     SELECT dept.department_name, emp.employee_name,
     emp.salary,emp.hire_date
     FROM employee emp, department dept
     WHERE salary > 10000
     AND hire_date >= '2013-08-01'
     AND emp.department_id = dept.department_id;
-- 通过视图简化查询
 SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE hire_date > '2014-09-01';

 索引

-- 创建普通索引
CREATE INDEX ind_emp_salary ON employee(salary);
SELECT table_name, index_name, index_type
     from user_indexes WHERE index_name='IND_EMP_SALARY';
-- 删除索引
DROP INDEX IND_EMP_SALARY;
 

创建表

-- 若该表存在则删除
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS TEST_TEMP; 
-- 创建对应的表：
-- 主键自增配置  IDENTITY(1, 1)，CLUSTER PRIMARY KEY("ID")
-- 自动创建时间  DEFAULT (CURDATE)
CREATE TABLE "TEST_TEMP"
(
"ID" INT IDENTITY(1, 1) NOT NULL,
"PROJECT_KEY"     VARCHAR(100), 
"CREAT_TIME"     DATE             DEFAULT (CURDATE),
CLUSTER PRIMARY KEY("ID"))
STORAGE(ON "TEST", CLUSTERBTR) ;

修改字段

-- 将SYSDBA模式的TEST_TEMP表中的UPDATE_TIME字段名称修改为CREATE_TIME
ALTER TABLE  "SYSDBA"."TEST_TEMP"  RENAME COLUMN "UPDATE_TIME" TO "CREATE_TIME";
COMMENT ON COLUMN "SYSDBA"."TEST_TEMP"."CREATE_TIME" IS '数据创建时间';

-- 将SYSDBA模式的TEST_TEMP表中的CREATE_TIME 字段类型修改为TIMESTAMP DEFAULT SYSDATE
ALTER TABLE "SYSDBA"."TEST_TEMP" MODIFY CREATE_TIME TIMESTAMP DEFAULT SYSDATE

查看达梦数据库运行状态

SELECT status$ as 状态 FROM v$instance;

查看版本信息

SELECT banner as 版本信息 FROM v$version; 

 创建用户

-- 使用 CREATE USER 语句创建 DM 用户，登录密码为 "dameng123"。
CREATE USER DM IDENTIFIED BY "dameng123";

授予用户基本权限

-- 使用GRANT语句给DM用户授予RESOURCE角色
GRANT RESOURCE TO DM;
-- 给 DM 用户授予 dmhr 用户下 employee 表的 select 权限；
GRANT SELECT ON dmhr.employee TO DM;
-- 给 DM 用户授予 dmhr 用户下 department 表的 select 权限；
GRANT SELECT ON dmhr.department TO DM;
-- 给 DM 用户授予 创建表的权限
GRANT CREATE TABLE to DM;

查看用户信息

-- 通过字典表 dba_users 查看基本信息
SELECT username,account_status,created FROM dba_users WHERE username='DM';

创建表并添加约束

-- 创建employee表
CREATE TABLE employee
(
  employee_id INTEGER,
  employee_name VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
  hire_date DATE,
  salary INTEGER,
  department_id INTEGER NOT NULL
);
-- 使用 CREATE TABLE 语句创建 department 表
CREATE TABLE department
(
  department_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
  department_name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL
);
-- 非空约束
ALTER TABLE employee MODIFY( hire_date not null);
-- 主键约束
ALTER TABLE employee ADD constraint pk_empid PRIMARY KEY(employee_id);
-- 外键约束
ALTER TABLE employee ADD constraint fk_dept FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES department (department_id);

查看表主键外键

SELECT table_name, constraint_name, constraint_type FROM all_constraints WHERE owner='DM' AND table_name='EMPLOYEE';

批量插入数据

-- 语法
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [<模式名>.]<表名> ON | OFF;
-- 初始化数据，自增id赋值。需要指定列且IDENTITY_INSERT设置ON
SET IDENTITY_INSERT SYSDBA.TEST_TEMP ON;
INSERT INTO TEST_TEMP(ID,PROJECT_KEY,CREAT_TIME) VALUES (1, '测试项目', '2022-12-15 14:15:30');
-- 记得提交，否则无法真正的落库。
commit;

查询表字段的注释信息

select * from dba_col_comments where owner='SYSDBA' and Table_Name='TEST_TEM