coreDNS详解

一、介绍

1、coreDNS的功能

coreDNS的作用主要是作为DNS服务器,在集群内提供服务发现功能,也就是服务之间的互相定位的过程。他监听集群中service和pod的创建和销毁事件,当serivice或者pod被创建时,记录对应的解析记录。当其他pod通过域名来访问集群中的service或pod时,会向coreDNS服务查询解析记录,然后访问解析到的IP地址。

2、coreDNS特点

由于coreDNS的高效率、资源占用率少,已经替换kube-dns,成为了kubernetes集群的默认DNS服务

二、部署yaml

查看并分析yaml配置文件

#################################################
#################################################
####deployment配置文件
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  annotations: {}
  labels:
    addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode: Reconcile
    k8s-app: kube-dns
    kubernetes.io/cluster-service: 'true'
    kubernetes.io/name: CoreDNS
  name: coredns
  namespace: kube-system
  resourceVersion: '23065516'
spec:
  progressDeadlineSeconds: 600
  replicas: 2
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: kube-dns
  strategy:
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 25%
      maxUnavailable: 1
    type: RollingUpdate
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        k8s-app: kube-dns
    spec:
      affinity:
        podAntiAffinity:
          preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            - podAffinityTerm:
                labelSelector:
                  matchExpressions:
                    - key: k8s-app
                      operator: In
                      values:
                        - kube-dns
                topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
              weight: 100
      containers:
        - args:
            - '-conf'
            - /etc/coredns/Corefile
          image: 'easzlab.io.local:5000/coredns/coredns:1.9.3'
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          livenessProbe:
            failureThreshold: 5
            httpGet:
              path: /health
              port: 8080
              scheme: HTTP
            initialDelaySeconds: 60
            periodSeconds: 10
            successThreshold: 1
            timeoutSeconds: 5
          name: coredns
          ports:
            - containerPort: 53
              name: dns
              protocol: UDP
            - containerPort: 53
              name: dns-tcp
              protocol: TCP
            - containerPort: 9153
              name: metrics
              protocol: TCP
          readinessProbe:
            failureThreshold: 3
            httpGet:
              path: /ready
              port: 8181
              scheme: HTTP
            periodSeconds: 10
            successThreshold: 1
            timeoutSeconds: 1
          resources:
            limits:
              memory: 300Mi
            requests:
              cpu: 100m
              memory: 70Mi
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            capabilities:
              add:
                - NET_BIND_SERVICE
              drop:
                - all
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
          terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
          terminationMessagePolicy: File
          volumeMounts:
            - mountPath: /etc/coredns
              name: config-volume
              readOnly: true
      dnsPolicy: Default
      nodeSelector:
        kubernetes.io/os: linux
      priorityClassName: system-cluster-critical
      restartPolicy: Always
      schedulerName: default-scheduler
      securityContext:
        seccompProfile:
          type: RuntimeDefault
      serviceAccount: coredns
      serviceAccountName: coredns
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
      tolerations:
        - key: CriticalAddonsOnly
          operator: Exists
      volumes:
        - configMap:
            defaultMode: 420
            items:
              - key: Corefile
                path: Corefile
            name: coredns
          name: config-volume
#################################################
#################################################
####service配置文件          
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  annotations:
    prometheus.io/port: '9153'
    prometheus.io/scrape: 'true'
  labels:
    addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode: Reconcile
    k8s-app: kube-dns
    kubernetes.io/cluster-service: 'true'
    kubernetes.io/name: CoreDNS
  name: kube-dns
  namespace: kube-system
  resourceVersion: '2954'
spec:
  clusterIP: 10.68.0.2
  clusterIPs:
    - 10.68.0.2
  internalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
  ipFamilies:
    - IPv4
  ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStack
  ports:
    - name: dns
      port: 53
      protocol: UDP
      targetPort: 53
    - name: dns-tcp
      port: 53
      protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 53
    - name: metrics
      port: 9153
      protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 9153
  selector:
    k8s-app: kube-dns
  sessionAffinity: None
  type: ClusterIP
  
#################################################
#################################################
####configmap配置文件
---
apiVersion: v1
data:
  Corefile: |
    .:53 {
        errors
        health {
            lameduck 5s
        }
        ready
        kubernetes cluster.local in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa {
            pods insecure
            fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa
            ttl 30
        }
        prometheus :9153
        forward . /etc/resolv.conf {
            max_concurrent 1000
        }
        cache 30
        reload
        loadbalance
    }
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
      {"apiVersion":"v1","data":{"Corefile":".:53 {\n    errors\n    health {\n        lameduck 5s\n    }\n    ready\n    kubernetes cluster.local in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa {\n        pods insecure\n        fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa\n        ttl 30\n    }\n    prometheus :9153\n    forward . /etc/resolv.conf {\n        max_concurrent 1000\n    }\n    cache 30\n    reload\n    loadbalance\n}\n"},"kind":"ConfigMap","metadata":{"annotations":{},"labels":{"addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode":"EnsureExists"},"name":"coredns","namespace":"kube-system"}}
  creationTimestamp: "2023-07-31T07:27:02Z"
  labels:
    addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode: EnsureExists
  name: coredns
  namespace: kube-system
  resourceVersion: "2950"
  uid: d03d439c-0bd2-4818-af1b-0f84ec6b6c15

注:coreDNS服务必须将metadata.name字段命名为kube-dns。这是为了能够与传统的kube-dns服务名称来解析集群内部地址的工作负载具有更好的互操作性。使用kube-dns作为服务的名称可以抽离其共有之后运行的是哪个DNS提供程序的这一实现细节

还需要修改kebelet的配置文件如下所示,clusterDNS的地址代表本机IP,因为后边会启用node-local-DNS-cache,后边再详细介绍。clusterDomain代表主域名后缀

clusterDNS:
- 169.254.20.10
clusterDomain: cluster.local

三、集群DNS解析原理

pod内的DNS域名解析文件为/etc/resolv.conf,文件内容如下

search jws2-42.svc.cluster.local svc.cluster.local cluster.local
nameserver 169.254.20.10
options ndots:5
参数描述
nameserverDNS服务器地址
search设置域名的查找后缀规则,查找配置越多,说明域名解析的查找匹配次数越多。一般为三个后缀,最多进行8次查找才能解析到正确结果,因为集群里面进行IPV4和IPV6查询各四次
options定义域名解析配置文件选项,支持多个KV值,如ndots:5,说明如果访问的域名字符串内的点字符数量超过ndots值,则认为是完整域名,并直接解析;如果不足ndots值,则追加search段后端在进行查询。

根据上述pod配置,集群会将域名请求查询发往DNS服务器获取结果。

四、集群DNS Policy配置和场景说明

集群支持通过dnspolicy字段为每个pod配置不同的DNS策略,目前支持四种策略

  • ClusterFirst:默认策略;通过coreDNS做域名解析,pod内的dns服务IP为集群的kube-dns的地址。
  • None:忽略集群DNS策略,需要您提供dnsconfig字段来指定dns配置信息。
  • Default:pod直接继承集群节点的域名解析配置。即直接使用node节点配置的dns服务器
  • clusterFirstWithHostNet:强制在hostnetwork网络模式下使用clusterfirst策略(默认使用default策略)

对上述场景做示例:

默认的配置就不做示例了

场景一:pod自定义dns配置

当需要使用集群外部的dns作为pod解析的dns时,可以使用dnspolicy:None策略,配置如下

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: alpine
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
  - image: alpine
    command:
      - sleep
      - "10000"
    imagePullPolicy: Always
    name: alpine
  dnsPolicy: None
  dnsConfig:
    nameservers: ["169.254.xx.xx"]
    #最多指定三个地址,最少必须有一个
    searches:
    #最多6个搜索域
    - default.svc.cluster.local
    - svc.cluster.local
    - cluster.local
    options:
    - name: ndots
      value: "2"

场景二:复用node节点的dns配置

当pod不需要访问集群内部的服务,不希望dns解析经过coredns,只需要一个DNS做解析,访问集群外部的服务时,可与采用dnspolicy:Default策略,配置如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: alpine
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
  - image: alpine
    command:
      - sleep
      - "10000"
    imagePullPolicy: Always
    name: alpine
  dnsPolicy: Default

场景三:在HostNetwork网络模式下访问集群服务

如果pod使用HostNetwork来配置网络,pod内运行的应用可以直接使用宿主机的port,其dns策略默认为Default,不能访问集群内的服务。如果您希望在此网络模式下访问集群服务,可以使用dnspolicy:ClusterFirstWithHostNet策略,配置如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: alpine
  namespace: default
spec:
  hostNetwork: true
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirstWithHostNet
  containers:
  - image: alpine
    command:
      - sleep
      - "10000"
    imagePullPolicy: Always
    name: alpine

五、coreDNS配置文件解析

在kube-system名称空间下,集群有一个coreDNS的configmap,里面是coreDNS的配置文件和启动的插件。

apiVersion: v1
data:
  Corefile: |
    .:53 {
        errors
        health {
            lameduck 5s
        }
        ready
        kubernetes cluster.local in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa {
            pods insecure
            fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa
            ttl 30
        }
        prometheus :9153
        forward . /etc/resolv.conf {
            max_concurrent 1000
        }
        cache 30
        reload
        loadbalance
    }
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
      {"apiVersion":"v1","data":{"Corefile":".:53 {\n    errors\n    health {\n        lameduck 5s\n    }\n    ready\n    kubernetes cluster.local in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa {\n        pods insecure\n        fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa\n        ttl 30\n    }\n    prometheus :9153\n    forward . /etc/resolv.conf {\n        max_concurrent 1000\n    }\n    cache 30\n    reload\n    loadbalance\n}\n"},"kind":"ConfigMap","metadata":{"annotations":{},"labels":{"addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode":"EnsureExists"},"name":"coredns","namespace":"kube-system"}}
  creationTimestamp: "2023-07-31T07:27:02Z"
  labels:
    addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode: EnsureExists
  name: coredns
  namespace: kube-system
  resourceVersion: "2950"
  uid: d03d439c-0bd2-4818-af1b-0f84ec6b6c15
参数描述
errors将错误打到标准输出
healthcoredns自身的将康状态报告,默认监听8080端口,一般做健康检查
readycoredns插件状态报告,默认监听8181,一般做可读性检查,当所有插件运行后,ready的状态码为200
kubenrnetes开启Kubernetes插件,提供集群内的解析
prometheus可以通过9153端口暴露prometheus可以接收到的指标
forward将域名查询请求转到预定义的dns服务器。
cachedns缓存
loop环路检查,如果有环路,则停止coredns
reload允许自动重新加载已经更改的配置文件,当更改configmap后,无需重启coredns,2分钟后自动生效。

参考:https://lion-wu.blog.csdn.net/article/details/127027461

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