ORA-01017: invalid username/password； logon denied记一次误修改权限导致数据库异常关闭

[oracle@oracle2:/home/oracle]$sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Thu Jan 12 09:14:25 2023
Version 19.10.0.0.0

Copyright © 1982, 2020, Oracle. All rights reserved.

ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Enter user-name:
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

Enter user-name: system
Enter password:
ERROR:
ORA-01034: ORACLE not available
ORA-27101: shared memory realm does not exist
Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 4460
Additional information: -158078417
Process ID: 0
Session ID: 0 Serial number: 0

SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus

[oracle@oracle2:/]$rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Thu Jan 12 08:37:05 2023
Version 19.10.0.0.0

Copyright © 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00554: initialization of internal recovery manager package failed
RMAN-04005: error from target database:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

现象一： 使用 rman target /，sqlplus / as sysdba 都无法登录数据库
使用 $ORACLE_HOME/bin/rman target sys/DBAHooya#2022@ORCL 可以连接RMAN

RMAN> backup format ‘/backup/control_%T_%U’ current controlfile;

Starting backup at 2023-01-11 17:23:41
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=12106 instance=DTMP1 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2023-01-11 17:23:42
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2023-01-11 17:23:43
piece handle=/backup/control_20230111_8c1hmbct_268_1_1 tag=TAG20230111T172341 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2023-01-11 17:23:43

Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 2023-01-11 17:23:43
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03009: failure of Control File and SPFILE Autobackup command on ORA_DISK_1 channel at 01/11/2023 17:23:45
ORA-19504: failed to create file “/backup/20230111/DTMP2_lev0_202301111711_c-2477066100-20230111-00”
ORA-27040: file create error, unable to create file
Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 1

***现象二：
*** rman备份失败

问题原因

曾经修改过ORACLE 用户所属的用户组。缺失了部分用户组，导致数据库异常关闭，无法使用sqlplus / as sysdba ，rman target / 登录数据库