爬虫二
Beautiful Soup库入门
-
学习beautifulsoup基础知识。
-
使用beautifulsoup解析HTML页面。
- Beautiful Soup 是一个HTML/XML 的解析器，主要用于解析和提取 HTML/XML 数据。
- 它基于HTML DOM 的，会载入整个文档，解析整个DOM树，因此时间和内存开销都会大很多，所以性能要低于lxml。
- BeautifulSoup 用来解析 HTML 比较简单，API非常人性化，支持CSS选择器、Python标准库中的HTML解析器，也支持 lxml 的 XML解析器。
- 虽然说BeautifulSoup4 简单容易比较上手，但是匹配效率还是远远不如正则以及xpath的，一般不推荐使用，推荐正则的使用。
-
第一步：pip install beautifulsoup4 ，万事开头难，先安装 beautifulsoup4，安装成功后就完成了第一步。
-
第二步：导入from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
-
第三步：创建 Beautiful Soup对象 soup = BeautifulSoup(html，‘html.parser’)
1.1 Beautiful Soup库的基本元素
-
Beautiful Soup库的理解：
Beautiful Soup库是解析、遍历、维护“标签树”的功能库，对应一个HTML/XML文档的全部内容 -
BeautifulSoup类的基本元素:
Tag 标签，最基本的信息组织单元，分别用<>和</>标明开头和结尾；Name 标签的名字，<p>…</p>的名字是'p'，格式：<tag>.name;Attributes 标签的属性，字典形式组织，格式：<tag>.attrs;NavigableString 标签内非属性字符串，<>…</>中字符串，格式：<tag>.string;Comment 标签内字符串的注释部分，一种特殊的Comment类型;
# 导入bs4库
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests # 抓取页面
r = requests.get('https://python123.io/ws/demo.html') # Demo网址
demo = r.text # 抓取的数据
demo'<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>\r\n<body>\r\n<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>\r\n<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:\r\n<a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" class="py1" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" class="py2" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>\r\n</body></html>'
# 解析HTML页面
soup = BeautifulSoup(demo, 'html.parser') # 抓取的页面数据；bs4的解析器
# 有层次感的输出解析后的HTML页面
print(soup.prettify())'<html>\n <head>\n <title>\n This is a python demo page\n </title>\n </head>\n <body>\n <p class="title">\n <b>\n The demo python introduces several python courses.\n </b>\n </p>\n <p class="course">\n Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:\n <a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">\n Basic Python\n </a>\n and\n <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">\n Advanced Python\n </a>\n .\n </p>\n </body>\n</html>'
1）标签，用soup.<tag>访问获得:
当HTML文档中存在多个相同<tag>对应内容时，soup.<tag>返回第一个
soup.a # 访问标签a<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>
soup.title<title>This is a python demo page</title>
2）标签的名字:每个<tag>都有自己的名字，通过soup.<tag>.name获取，字符串类型
soup.a.name'a'
soup.a.parent.name'p'
soup.p.parent.name'body'
3)标签的属性,一个<tag>可以有0或多个属性，字典类型,soup.<tag>.attrs
tag = soup.a
print(tag.attrs)
print(tag.attrs['class'])
print(type(tag.attrs)){'href': 'http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001', 'class': ['py1'], 'id': 'link1'}
['py1']
<class 'dict'>
4)Attributes:标签内非属性字符串,格式：soup.<tag>.string, NavigableString可以跨越多个层次
print(soup.a.string)
print(type(soup.a.string))Basic Python
<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>
5）NavigableString:标签内字符串的注释部分，Comment是一种特殊类型(有-->)
print(type(soup.p.string))<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>
6) .prettify()为HTML文本<>及其内容增加更加’\n’,有层次感的输出
.prettify()可用于标签，方法：<tag>.prettify()
print(soup.prettify())<html>
<head>
<title>
This is a python demo page
</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="title">
<b>
The demo python introduces several python courses.
</b>
</p>
<p class="course">
Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">
Basic Python
</a>
and
<a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">
Advanced Python
</a>
.
</p>
</body>
</html>
print(soup.a.prettify())<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">
Basic Python
</a>
7)bs4库将任何HTML输入都变成utf‐8编码
Python 3.x默认支持编码是utf‐8,解析无障碍
newsoup = BeautifulSoup('<a>中文</a>', 'html.parser')
print(newsoup.prettify())<a>
中文
</a>
1.2 基于bs4库的HTML内容遍历方法
HTML基本格式:<>…</>构成了所属关系，形成了标签的树形结构
- 标签树的下行遍历
- .contents 子节点的列表，将
<tag>所有儿子节点存入列表 - .children 子节点的迭代类型，与.contents类似，用于循环遍历儿子节点
- .descendants 子孙节点的迭代类型，包含所有子孙节点，用于循环遍历
- .contents 子节点的列表，将
- 标签树的上行遍
- .parent 节点的父亲标签
- .parents 节点先辈标签的迭代类型，用于循环遍历先辈节点
- 标签树的平行遍历
- .next_sibling 返回按照HTML文本顺序的下一个平行节点标签
- .previous_sibling 返回按照HTML文本顺序的上一个平行节点标签
- .next_siblings 迭代类型，返回按照HTML文本顺序的后续所有平行节点标签
- .previous_siblings 迭代类型，返回按照HTML文本顺序的前续所有平行节点标签
- 详见：https://www.cnblogs.com/mengxiaoleng/p/11585754.html#_label0
标签树的下行遍历
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
r=requests.get('http://python123.io/ws/demo.html')
demo=r.text
soup=BeautifulSoup(demo,'html.parser')print(soup.contents)# 获取整个标签树的儿子节点[<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>
</body></html>]
print(soup.body.content)#返回标签树的body标签下的节点None
print(soup.head)#返回head标签<head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
for child in soup.body.children:#遍历儿子节点
print(child)<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>
for child in soup.body.descendants:#遍历子孙节点
print(child)<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>
<b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b>
The demo python introduces several python courses.
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>
Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>
Basic Python
and
<a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>
Advanced Python
.
标签树的上行遍历
soup.title.parent<head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
soup.title.parent<head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
soup.parentfor parent in soup.a.parents: # 遍历先辈的信息
if parent is None:
print(parent)
else:
print(parent.name)p
body
html
[document]
标签树的平行遍历
注意：
- 标签树的平行遍历是有条件的
- 平行遍历发生在同一个父亲节点的各节点之间
- 标签中的内容也构成了节点
print(soup.a.next_sibling)#a标签的下一个标签 and
print(soup.a.next_sibling.next_sibling)#a标签的下一个标签的下一个标签<a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>
print(soup.a.previous_sibling)#a标签的前一个标签Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
print(soup.a.previous_sibling.previous_sibling)#a标签的前一个标签的前一个标签None
for sibling in soup.a.next_siblings:#遍历后续节点
print(sibling) and
<a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>
.
for sibling in soup.a.previous_sibling:#遍历之前的节点
print(sibling)1.3 基于bs4库的HTML内容的查找方法
- <>.find_all(name, attrs, recursive, string, **kwargs)
- 参数：
- ∙ name : 对标签名称的检索字符串
- ∙ attrs: 对标签属性值的检索字符串，可标注属性检索
- ∙ recursive: 是否对子孙全部检索，默认True
- ∙ string: <>…</>中字符串区域的检索字符串
- 简写：
<tag>(…) 等价于<tag>.find_all(…)- soup(…) 等价于 soup.find_all(…)
- 扩展方法：
- <>.find() 搜索且只返回一个结果，同.find_all()参数
- <>.find_parents() 在先辈节点中搜索，返回列表类型，同.find_all()参数
- <>.find_parent() 在先辈节点中返回一个结果，同.find()参数
- <>.find_next_siblings() 在后续平行节点中搜索，返回列表类型，同.find_all()参数
- <>.find_next_sibling() 在后续平行节点中返回一个结果，同.find()参数
- <>.find_previous_siblings() 在前序平行节点中搜索，返回列表类型，同.find_all()参数
- <>.find_previous_sibling() 在前序平行节点中返回一个结果，同.find()参数
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
r = requests.get('http://python123.io/ws/demo.html')
demo = r.text
soup = BeautifulSoup(demo,'html.parser')
soup<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>
</body></html>
# name : 对标签名称的检索字符串
soup.find_all('a')[<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>,
<a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>]
soup.find_all(['a', 'p'])[<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>,
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>,
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>,
<a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>]
# attrs: 对标签属性值的检索字符串，可标注属性检索
soup.find_all("p","course")[<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>]
soup.find_all(id="link") # 完全匹配才能匹配到[]
# recursive: 是否对子孙全部检索，默认True
soup.find_all('p',recursive=False)[]
# string: <>…</>中字符串区域的检索字符串
soup.find_all(string = "Basic Python") # 完全匹配才能匹配到[]
1.4 实战：中国大学排名定向爬取
- 爬取url：http://www.zuihaodaxue.cn/zuihaodaxuepaiming2019.html
- 爬取思路：
- 从网络上获取大学排名网页内容
- 提取网页内容中信息到合适的数据结构（二维数组）-排名，学校名称，总分
- 利用数据结构展示并输出结果
# 导入库
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import bs41. 从网络上获取大学排名网页内容
def getHTMLText(url):
try:
r = requests.get(url, timeout=30)
r.raise_for_status()
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
return r.text
except:
return ""2. 提取网页内容中信息到合适的数据结构（二维数组）
- 查看网页源代码，观察并定位到需要爬取内容的标签；
- 使用bs4的查找方法提取所需信息-‘排名，学校名称，总分’
def fillUnivList(ulist, html):
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")
for tr in soup.find('tbody').children:
if isinstance(tr, bs4.element.Tag):
tds = tr('td')
# 根据实际提取需要的内容，
ulist.append([tds[0].string, tds[1].string, tds[3].string]) 3. 利用数据结构展示并输出结果
# 对中英文混排输出问题进行优化:对format()，设定宽度和添加参数chr(12288)
def printUnivList(ulist, num=20):
tplt = "{0:^10}\t{1:{3}^10}\t{2:^10}"
print(tplt.format('排名', '学校名称', '总分', chr(12288)))
for i in range(num):
u = ulist[i]
print(tplt.format(u[0], u[1], u[2], chr(12288)))u_info = [] # 存储爬取结果的容器
url = 'http://www.zuihaodaxue.cn/zuihaodaxuepaiming2019.html'html = getHTMLText(url)
html
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