Py进阶之OOP笔记

• 目录

1. 目录
2. 面象对象编程定义
3. 进阶30级
4. 满级
5. 最后的话

• 定义：面象对象编程

6. 类
   一类具有相似特征的事物的集合。具有相同属性和函数的对象的集合。
7. 对象（实例）
   集合中的一个事物。
8. 属性
   对象的静态特性。
9. 函数（方法）
   对象的动态能力。

class Document():
    def __init__(self, title, author, context):
        print('init function called')
        self.title = title
        self.author = author
        self.__context = context # __ 开头的属性是私有属性

    def get_context_length(self):
        return len(self.__context)

    def intercept_context(self, length):
        self.__context = self.__context[:length]

harry_potter_book = Document('Harry Potter', 'J. K. Rowling', '... Forever Do not believe any thing is capable of thinking independently ...')

print(harry_potter_book.title)
print(harry_potter_book.author)
print(harry_potter_book.get_context_length())

harry_potter_book.intercept_context(10)

print(harry_potter_book.get_context_length())

print(harry_potter_book.__context)

########## 输出 ##########

init function called
Harry Potter
J. K. Rowling
77
10

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-b4d048d75003> in <module>()
     22 print(harry_potter_book.get_context_length())
     23 
---> 24 print(harry_potter_book.__context)

AttributeError: 'Document' object has no attribute '__context'

• 进阶30级

1. 如何在类中定义静态变量？
   与函数平行编程即可
2. 不涉及访问类属性的函数，怎样编程更pythonic?
   认识类函数、成员函数、静态函数。
   类函数与成员函数为动态函数，可以访问/修改类的属性；静态函数与类无关。
   静态函数可以完成简单、独立的任务，优化代码，还可以使用py内置函数@staticmethod声明；类函数的主要功能是实现不同类的init构造函数，优化代码，第一个参数一般为cls，必须传入一个类，此为自身类，类函数使用@classmthod声明。

class Document():
    
    WELCOME_STR = 'Welcome! The context for this book is {}.' 
    
    def __init__(self, title, author, context):
        print('init function called')
        self.title = title
        self.author = author
        self.__context = context
    
    # 类函数
    @classmethod
    def create_empty_book(cls, title, author):
        return cls(title=title, author=author, context='nothing')
    
    # 成员函数
    def get_context_length(self):
        return len(self.__context)
    
    # 静态函数
    @staticmethod
    def get_welcome(context):
        return Document.WELCOME_STR.format(context)


empty_book = Document.create_empty_book('What Every Man Thinks About Apart from Sex', 'Professor Sheridan Simove')


print(empty_book.get_context_length())
print(empty_book.get_welcome('indeed nothing'))

########## 输出 ##########

init function called
7
Welcome! The context for this book is indeed nothing.

3. 类也可以是一群相似的类的集合：继承
   • 子类不会自动调用父类的构造函数，需要子类在它的__init__()中显式调用，执行顺序是子构造函数==>父构造函数；
   • 父类中的函数get_context_length()的写法很棒，称为函数重载，可以使子类必须重写该函数。
   • 继承的优点：减少重复代码，降低代码熵值。

class Entity():
    def __init__(self, object_type):
        print('parent class init called')
        self.object_type = object_type
    
    def get_context_length(self):
        raise Exception('get_context_length not implemented')
    
    def print_title(self):
        print(self.title)

class Document(Entity):
    def __init__(self, title, author, context):
        print('Document class init called')
        Entity.__init__(self, 'document')
        self.title = title
        self.author = author
        self.__context = context
    
    def get_context_length(self):
        return len(self.__context)
    
class Video(Entity):
    def __init__(self, title, author, video_length):
        print('Video class init called')
        Entity.__init__(self, 'video')
        self.title = title
        self.author = author
        self.__video_length = video_length
    
    def get_context_length(self):
        return self.__video_length

harry_potter_book = Document('Harry Potter(Book)', 'J. K. Rowling', '... Forever Do not believe any thing is capable of thinking independently ...')
harry_potter_movie = Video('Harry Potter(Movie)', 'J. K. Rowling', 120)

print(harry_potter_book.object_type)
print(harry_potter_movie.object_type)

harry_potter_book.print_title()
harry_potter_movie.print_title()

print(harry_potter_book.get_context_length())
print(harry_potter_movie.get_context_length())

########## 输出 ##########

Document class init called
parent class init called
Video class init called
parent class init called
document
video
Harry Potter(Book)
Harry Potter(Movie)
77
120

• 满级100

1. 抽象类
   生来就是当爹的，一但实例化就会报错。
2. 抽象函数
   定义在抽象类中，使用@abstractmethod声明。子类必须重载该函数才能使用。
3. 应用
   

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

class Entity(metaclass=ABCMeta):
    @abstractmethod
    def get_title(self):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def set_title(self, title):
        pass

class Document(Entity):
    def get_title(self):
        return self.title
    
    def set_title(self, title):
        self.title = title

document = Document()
document.set_title('Harry Potter')
print(document.get_title())

entity = Entity()

########## 输出 ##########

Harry Potter

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-266b2aa47bad> in <module>()
     21 print(document.get_title())
     22 
---> 23 entity = Entity()
     24 entity.set_title('Test')

TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Entity with abstract methods get_title, set_title

• 老师的话摘在最后
  

以上