Maven 是一个项目管理工具，可以对 Java 项目进行构建、依赖管理。
1、介绍
1.仓库
Maven 仓库是项目中依赖的第三方库，这个库所在的位置叫做仓库。它能帮助我们管理构件（主要是JAR），它就是放置所有JAR文件（WAR，ZIP，POM等等）的地方。
Maven 仓库有三种类型：
- 本地（local）在安装 Maven 后并不会创建，它是在第一次执行 maven 命令的时候才被创建。
- 中央（central）Maven 中央仓库是由 Maven 社区提供的仓库，其中包含了大量常用的库。
- 远程（remote）为了避免在中央仓库找不到依赖的文件，由开发人员自己定制的。
2.目录结构
约定配置：Maven 使用约定优于配置的原则，提倡使用一个共同的标准目录结构。
可能的遵守这样的目录结构：
pom.xml
src
-main
--java
--resources
-test
--java
--resources
main是项目代码，java下面就是各个包了，resources是配置文件。test是测试代码，内容结构和main差不多。与src同级的是maven配置文件pom.xml。
3.配置文件（pom.xml）
这个很重要，maven就靠这个来运行pom.xml是项目对象模型。
pom结构：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<!-- 上面是模型版本，头和尾标签都是固定的-->
<!-- 继承关系 -->
<parent>
<!-- 1.加入父工程的GAV -->
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.5.RELEASE</version>
<!-- 2.当前工程的pom.xml和父工程pom.xml的绝对路径 -->
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<!-- 以下三个标签简称（GAV）是项目在本地仓库中的定位（坐标） -->
<!-- groupId:大项目名称，[反转地址.组名称] -->
<groupId>com.hqp</groupId>
<!-- artifactId:小项目名称（模块名称） -->
<artifactId>signSystem</artifactId>
<!-- version:项目版本 -->
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<!-- 名字通常和项目（模块）名称一样 -->
<name>signSystem</name>
<!-- 项目打包的方式（是jar包还是war包等） -->
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<!-- 版本配置 -->
<properties>
<java.version>11.0</java.version>
</properties>
<!-- 依赖（配置jar包） -->
<dependencies>
<!-- 依赖关系 -->
<dependency>
<!-- junit的项目名称 -->
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<!-- junit的模块名称 -->
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<!-- junit版本 -->
<version>4.9</version>
<!-- 依赖范围：单元测试时使用junit -->
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- jdbc -->
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- druid -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
<artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>1.1.13</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<!--插件、部署等一系列配置-->
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.4.2</version>
<configuration>
<skipTests>true</skipTests>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
4.常用命令（cmd需在项目pom.xml所在目录执行）
1、mvn compile --编译main目录中的java文件
2、mvn test --测试（编译test目录的java文件）
3、mvn package --打包，java文件打包成jar/war/pom（测试通过才能打包）
4、mvn install --将开发的模块放入本地仓库，供其他模块使用（放入的位置由GAV决定）
5、mvn clean --删除target（编译文件）目录
6、update project --在pom.xml配置完新的依赖后，需要右键项目->Maven->update project来更新依赖
ps:在eclipse中，右键pom.xml点击Run as->Maven build…在Goals里面写上命令，Eclipse就会自动执行命令行（此处不需要写mvn，直接写命令即可）,再次点击Run as->****Maven build就可以执行上一次命令。
5.Maven生命周期
生命周期包括三个方面：
- clean：清理
- default：构建的核心部分
- site：站点（发布）
2、安装和配置
一、安装本地Maven
-
点此进入maven官网下载
-
选择左侧Download
-
点击箭头所指的链接进行下载，本文采用3.5.4进行安装
-
下载完成后，选择一个路径进行解压（本文选用 D:\JAVA\apache-maven-3.5.4 路径）， 然后配置path环境变量,如图
系统变量:MAVEN_HOME =D:\JAVA\apache-maven-3.5.4
系统变量:path = %MAVEN_HOME%\bin
MAVEN_HOME:
path:
- 然后win+R 运行cmd 输入 mvn -version，如图所示则配置成功
（本文采用3.5.4版本安装）
二、配置settings文件
1、在D:\JAVA\apache-maven-3.5.4\conf下可以找到settings文件，打开(嫌麻烦的直接看最后一步2、找到第52行，这里是maven默认的仓库
- 3、我们复制第53行
<localRepository>/path/to/local/repo</localRepository>将它拿到注释外并将中间的内容改成你需要的路径，如图
<localRepository>D:/JAVA/maven-repository</localRepository>这里的路径随便设置，注意这里是正斜杠
因为国外的服务器下载jar包很慢所以我们改为阿里云服务器（大约在150行左右），这两个仓库只用选一个
<!-- 阿里云仓库 --> <mirror> <id>alimaven</id> <mirrorOf>central</mirrorOf> <name>aliyun maven</name> <url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/repositories/central/</url> </mirror> 或者 <mirror> <id>nexus-aliyun</id> <mirrorOf>*</mirrorOf> <name>Nexus aliyun</name> <url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public</url> </mirror>4、如图，要夹在两个mirrors标签之间
5、在最后配置jdk，也要夹在两个profiles标签之间。<!—java版本 --> <profile> <id>jdk-1.8</id> <activation> <activeByDefault>true</activeByDefault> <jdk>1.8</jdk> </activation> <properties> <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source> <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target> <maven.compiler.compilerVersion>1.8</maven.compiler.compilerVersion> </properties> </profile>
6、配置完成，在命令行输入mvn help:system测试，看到下载链接里面是ailiyun的链接表示配置成功
7、嫌麻烦的直接复制配置文件的内容即可,不过路径还是要改(参考第3步)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!-- Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. --> <!-- | This is the configuration file for Maven. It can be specified at two levels: | | 1. User Level. This settings.xml file provides configuration for a single user, | and is normally provided in ${user.home}/.m2/settings.xml. | | NOTE: This location can be overridden with the CLI option: | | -s /path/to/user/settings.xml | | 2. Global Level. This settings.xml file provides configuration for all Maven | users on a machine (assuming they're all using the same Maven | installation). It's normally provided in | ${maven.conf}/settings.xml. | | NOTE: This location can be overridden with the CLI option: | | -gs /path/to/global/settings.xml | | The sections in this sample file are intended to give you a running start at | getting the most out of your Maven installation. Where appropriate, the default | values (values used when the setting is not specified) are provided. | |--> <settings xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/SETTINGS/1.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/SETTINGS/1.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/settings-1.0.0.xsd"> <!-- localRepository | The path to the local repository maven will use to store artifacts. | | Default: ${user.home}/.m2/repository <localRepository>/path/to/local/repo</localRepository> --> <localRepository>F:/repository</localRepository>· <!-- interactiveMode | This will determine whether maven prompts you when it needs input. If set to false, | maven will use a sensible default value, perhaps based on some other setting, for | the parameter in question. | | Default: true <interactiveMode>true</interactiveMode> --> <!-- offline | Determines whether maven should attempt to connect to the network when executing a build. | This will have an effect on artifact downloads, artifact deployment, and others. | | Default: false <offline>false</offline> --> <!-- pluginGroups | This is a list of additional group identifiers that will be searched when resolving plugins by their prefix, i.e. | when invoking a command line like "mvn prefix:goal". Maven will automatically add the group identifiers | "org.apache.maven.plugins" and "org.codehaus.mojo" if these are not already contained in the list. |--> <pluginGroups> <!-- pluginGroup | Specifies a further group identifier to use for plugin lookup. <pluginGroup>com.your.plugins</pluginGroup> --> </pluginGroups> <!-- proxies | This is a list of proxies which can be used on this machine to connect to the network. | Unless otherwise specified (by system property or command-line switch), the first proxy | specification in this list marked as active will be used. |--> <proxies> <!-- proxy | Specification for one proxy, to be used in connecting to the network. | <proxy> <id>optional</id> <active>true</active> <protocol>http</protocol> <username>proxyuser</username> <password>proxypass</password> <host>proxy.host.net</host> <port>80</port> <nonProxyHosts>local.net|some.host.com</nonProxyHosts> </proxy> --> </proxies> <!-- servers | This is a list of authentication profiles, keyed by the server-id used within the system. | Authentication profiles can be used whenever maven must make a connection to a remote server. |--> <servers> <!-- server | Specifies the authentication information to use when connecting to a particular server, identified by | a unique name within the system (referred to by the 'id' attribute below). | | NOTE: You should either specify username/password OR privateKey/passphrase, since these pairings are | used together. | <server> <id>deploymentRepo</id> <username>repouser</username> <password>repopwd</password> </server> --> <!-- Another sample, using keys to authenticate. <server> <id>siteServer</id> <privateKey>/path/to/private/key</privateKey> <passphrase>optional; leave empty if not used.</passphrase> </server> --> </servers> <!-- mirrors | This is a list of mirrors to be used in downloading artifacts from remote repositories. | | It works like this: a POM may declare a repository to use in resolving certain artifacts. | However, this repository may have problems with heavy traffic at times, so people have mirrored | it to several places. | | That repository definition will have a unique id, so we can create a mirror reference for that | repository, to be used as an alternate download site. The mirror site will be the preferred | server for that repository. |--> <!-- mirror <mirrors> | Specifies a repository mirror site to use instead of a given repository. The repository that | this mirror serves has an ID that matches the mirrorOf element of this mirror. IDs are used | for inheritance and direct lookup purposes, and must be unique across the set of mirrors. | <mirror> <id>mirrorId</id> <mirrorOf>repositoryId</mirrorOf> <name>Human Readable Name for this Mirror.</name> <url>http://my.repository.com/repo/path</url> </mirror> </mirrors> --> <!-- 阿里云仓库 --> <mirrors> <mirror> <id>nexus-aliyun</id> <mirrorOf>*</mirrorOf> <name>Nexus aliyun</name> <url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public</url> </mirror> <!-- 中央仓库1 --> <mirror> <id>repo1</id> <mirrorOf>central</mirrorOf> <name>Human Readable Name for this Mirror.</name> <url>http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/</url> </mirror> <!-- 中央仓库2 --> <mirror> <id>repo2</id> <mirrorOf>central</mirrorOf> <name>Human Readable Name for this Mirror.</name> <url>http://repo2.maven.org/maven2/</url> </mirror> </mirrors> <!-- profiles | This is a list of profiles which can be activated in a variety of ways, and which can modify | the build process. Profiles provided in the settings.xml are intended to provide local machine- | specific paths and repository locations which allow the build to work in the local environment. | | For example, if you have an integration testing plugin - like cactus - that needs to know where | your Tomcat instance is installed, you can provide a variable here such that the variable is | dereferenced during the build process to configure the cactus plugin. | | As noted above, profiles can be activated in a variety of ways. One way - the activeProfiles | section of this document (settings.xml) - will be discussed later. Another way essentially | relies on the detection of a system property, either matching a particular value for the property, | or merely testing its existence. Profiles can also be activated by JDK version prefix, where a | value of '1.4' might activate a profile when the build is executed on a JDK version of '1.4.2_07'. | Finally, the list of active profiles can be specified directly from the command line. | | NOTE: For profiles defined in the settings.xml, you are restricted to specifying only artifact | repositories, plugin repositories, and free-form properties to be used as configuration | variables for plugins in the POM. | |--> <!-- profile <profiles> | Specifies a set of introductions to the build process, to be activated using one or more of the | mechanisms described above. For inheritance purposes, and to activate profiles via <activatedProfiles/> | or the command line, profiles have to have an ID that is unique. | | An encouraged best practice for profile identification is to use a consistent naming convention | for profiles, such as 'env-dev', 'env-test', 'env-production', 'user-jdcasey', 'user-brett', etc. | This will make it more intuitive to understand what the set of introduced profiles is attempting | to accomplish, particularly when you only have a list of profile id's for debug. | | This profile example uses the JDK version to trigger activation, and provides a JDK-specific repo. <profile> <id>jdk-1.4</id> <activation> <jdk>1.4</jdk> </activation> <repositories> <repository> <id>jdk14</id> <name>Repository for JDK 1.4 builds</name> <url>http://www.myhost.com/maven/jdk14</url> <layout>default</layout> <snapshotPolicy>always</snapshotPolicy> </repository> </repositories> </profile> --> <!-- | Here is another profile, activated by the system property 'target-env' with a value of 'dev', | which provides a specific path to the Tomcat instance. To use this, your plugin configuration | might hypothetically look like: | | ... | <plugin> | <groupId>org.myco.myplugins</groupId> | <artifactId>myplugin</artifactId> | | <configuration> | <tomcatLocation>${tomcatPath}</tomcatLocation> | </configuration> | </plugin> | ... | | NOTE: If you just wanted to inject this configuration whenever someone set 'target-env' to | anything, you could just leave off the <value/> inside the activation-property. | <profile> <id>env-dev</id> <activation> <property> <name>target-env</name> <value>dev</value> </property> </activation> <properties> <tomcatPath>/path/to/tomcat/instance</tomcatPath> </properties> </profile> --> <profiles> <profile> <id>jdk-1.8</id> <activation> <activeByDefault>true</activeByDefault> <jdk>1.8</jdk> </activation> <properties> <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source> <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target> <maven.compiler.compilerVersion>1.8</maven.compiler.compilerVersion> </properties> </profile> </profiles> <!-- activeProfiles | List of profiles that are active for all builds. | <activeProfiles> <activeProfile>alwaysActiveProfile</activeProfile> <activeProfile>anotherAlwaysActiveProfile</activeProfile> </activeProfiles> --> </settings>11、到此，settings.xml全部修改完成，下面进行IDEA中maven本地库的配置：
①、选择设置
②、搜索maven，配置maven版本，本地仓以及settings.xml的路径。
这样安装与配置就算完成。
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