跨服务HTTP请求和响应

一次HTTP请求过程

1. 构建请求对象：远程连接、网络请求等
2. 执行远程调用：异常处理、状态码控制等
3. 处理响应结果：数据结构转换

创建RestTemplate

RestTemplate优势：相较于传统Apache中的HttpClient客户端工具类，RestTemplate对于编码的简便性以及异常的处理等方面都做了很多改进。

无参构造函数

@Bean
public RestTemplate restTemplate(){

    return new RestTemplate();

}

有参构造函数

    @Bean
    RestTemplate customRestTemplate(){
        HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory();
        httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectionRequestTimeout(3000);
        httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(3000);
        httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(3000);
    }

RestTemplate 方法组 

1. Get：getForObject/getForEntity
2. Post: postForLocation/postForObject/postForEntity
3. Put: put
4. Delete: delete
5. Header: headForHeaders
6. 不限：exchange/execute

使用RestTemplate - get方法组

    @Nullable
    <T> T getForObject(String var1, Class<T> var2, Object... var3) throws RestClientException;

    @Nullable
    <T> T getForObject(String var1, Class<T> var2, Map<String, ?> var3) throws RestClientException;

    @Nullable
    <T> T getForObject(URI var1, Class<T> var2) throws RestClientException;

    <T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String var1, Class<T> var2, Object... var3) throws RestClientException;

    <T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String var1, Class<T> var2, Map<String, ?> var3) throws RestClientException;

    <T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(URI var1, Class<T> var2) throws RestClientException;

getForEntity方法的返回值是一个ResponseEntity对象，在这个对象中还包含了HTTP消息头等信息，而getForObject方法返回的则是业务对象本身，这是两个方法组的主要区别。 

 使用RestTemplate - post方法组

 使用RestTemplate - exchange方法组

RestTemplate 技巧 

指定消息转换器：用于在获取返回结果时的数据转换

    @Bean
    RestTemplate customRestTemplate(){
        HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory();
        httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectionRequestTimeout(3000);
        httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(3000);
        httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(3000);
        RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory);
        ArrayList<HttpMessageConverter<?>> httpMessageConverters = new ArrayList<>();
        httpMessageConverters.add(new GsonHttpMessageConverter());
        restTemplate.setMessageConverters(httpMessageConverters);
        return restTemplate;
    }

 设置拦截器

@Bean
@ConditionalOnMissingBean
public RestTemplateCustomizer restTemplateCustomizer(

  //这段代码来自Spring Cloud 的 LoadBalanceAutoConfiguration
  //通过@LoadBalanced 注解为RestTemplate 自动添加负载均衡机制
  final LoadBalancerInterceptor loadBalancerInterceptor) {

    return restTemplate -> {

       List<ClientHttpRequestInterceptor> list = new ArrayList<>(restTemplate.getInterceptor());
       list.add(loadBalancerInterceptor);
        restTemplate.setInterceptors(list);

     }

}

通过实现ClientHttpRequestInterceptor接口，并调用setInterceptors方法可以将任意定义的拦截器注入到RestTemplate的拦截器列表中。 

处理异常

  @Bean
    RestTemplate customRestTemplate(){
        HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory();
        httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectionRequestTimeout(3000);
        httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(3000);
        httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(3000);
        RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(httpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory);
        ArrayList<HttpMessageConverter<?>> httpMessageConverters = new ArrayList<>();
        httpMessageConverters.add(new GsonHttpMessageConverter());
        restTemplate.setMessageConverters(httpMessageConverters);
        ResponseErrorHandler responseErrorHandler = new ResponseErrorHandler() {
            @Override
            public boolean hasError(ClientHttpResponse clientHttpResponse) throws IOException {
                return true;
            }

            @Override
            public void handleError(ClientHttpResponse clientHttpResponse) throws IOException {
                //添加定制化的异常
            }
        };
        restTemplate.setErrorHandler(responseErrorHandler);
        return restTemplate;
    }

在RestTemplate中，默认情况下当请求状态码不是返回200时就会抛出异常并中断接下来的操作，如果要排除这个处理过程就需要覆盖默认的ResponseErrorHandler。 

重试

 @Retryable(value = RestClientException.class,maxAttempts = 5,backoff = @Backoff(multiplier = 2,delay = 2000))
    public void learning(){

        restTemplate.getForObject("localhost:8080/helloword",String.class,1);
    }

需引入模块

 <dependency>
     <groupId>org.springframework.retry</groupId>
     <artifactId>spring-retry</artifactId>
 </dependency>

 主程序入口

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableRetry
public class LeariningApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(LeariningApplication.class, args);
    }

}

使用示例

   @Retryable(value = RestClientException.class,maxAttempts = 5,backoff = @Backoff(multiplier = 2,delay = 2000))
    public void learning(){

        restTemplate.getForObject("localhost:8080/helloword",String.class,1);
    }

• @Retryable注解的方法在发生异常时会重试，参数说明：
  • value：当指定异常发生时会进行重试 ,HttpClientErrorException是RestClientException的子类。
  • include：和value一样，默认空。如果 exclude也为空时，所有异常都重试 
  • exclude：指定异常不重试，默认空。如果 include也为空时，所有异常都重试 
  • maxAttemps：最大重试次数，默认3 
  • backoff：重试等待策略，默认空
• @Backoff注解为重试等待的策略，参数说明：
  • delay：指定重试的延时时间，默认为1000毫秒
  • multiplier：指定延迟的倍数，比如设置delay=2000，multiplier=2时，第一次重试为2秒后，第二次为4秒，第三次为8秒。