Scrapy框架的下载器中间件讲解&并用下载器中间件设置随机请求头
Scrapy是一个Python爬虫框架,具有高效、可扩展、可配置等特点。在Scrapy框架中,下载器中间件(Downloader Middleware)是一种机制,可以在Scrapy下载器处理请求和响应的过程中进行自定义操作。
下载器中间件的主要功能是在下载器发送请求和处理响应的过程中,对请求和响应进行处理和修改。在Scrapy框架中,下载器中间件可以用于以下操作:
- 设置请求头:通过下载器中间件设置请求头,可以模拟不同浏览器的请求头,避免被网站屏蔽。
- 设置代理IP:通过下载器中间件设置代理IP,可以实现动态IP访问,避免被网站反爬虫机制封禁。
- 修改请求URL:通过下载器中间件修改请求URL,可以实现动态URL访问,避免重复访问同一页面。
- 修改响应内容:通过下载器中间件修改响应内容,可以实现数据清洗和自定义的数据处理。
在使用Scrapy框架时,我们可以自定义下载器中间件,并将其添加到Scrapy的DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES配置中。
下面是一个例子,展示如何使用下载器中间件设置随机请求头:
import random
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent import UserAgentMiddleware
class RandomUserAgentMiddleware(UserAgentMiddleware):
def __init__(self, user_agent=''):
super(RandomUserAgentMiddleware, self).__init__(user_agent)
self.user_agent_list = [
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.4; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.4; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:54.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/54.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:55.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/55.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:54.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/54.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:55.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/55.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:54.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/54.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:55.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/55.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:54.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/54.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:55.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/55.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; Win64; x64; rv:54.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/54.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64; rv:54.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/54.0'
]
def process_request(self, request, spider):
ua = random.choice(self.user_agent_list)
if ua:
request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent', ua)
以上代码中,我们自定义了一个RandomUserAgentMiddleware类,继承自UserAgentMiddleware类,并实现了process_request方法。在process_request方法中,我们随机选择一个User-Agent,并将其添加到请求头中。最后,将该中间件添加到DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES配置中即可实现随机请求头的设置。