Java 设计模式（状态模式）

状态模式

允许对象在内部状态改变时改变它的行为，对象好像看起来好像修改了它的类。

WinnerState 用途：
虽说发放糖果可以在 SoldState 中实现，虽然可以减少冗余，但是降低了代码的清晰度，并且会使 SoldState 拥有两个责任，当促销方案或赢家几率改变后修改起来会比较麻烦。

示例

记录各种状态

/**
 * @author NNroc
 * @date 2020/8/17 11:40
 */
public interface State {
    public void insertQuarter();   // 投入25分钱

    public void ejectQuarter();    // 拒绝25分钱

    public void turnCrank();       // 转动曲柄

    public void dispense();        // 发放糖果

    public void refill();          // 再次添加糖果
}

/**
 * 投入了钱
 *
 * @author NNroc
 * @date 2020/8/17 12:08
 */
public class HasQuarterState implements State {
    Random randomWinner = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis());
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;

    public HasQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You can't insert another quarter");
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Quarter returned");
        gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turned...");
        int winner = randomWinner.nextInt(10);
        if ((winner == 0) && (gumballMachine.getCount() > 1)) {
            gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getWinnerState());
        } else {
            gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldState());
        }
    }

    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
    }

    public void refill() {
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "waiting for turn of crank";
    }
}

/**
 * 没有投入钱
 *
 * @author NNroc
 * @date 2020/8/17 12:09
 */
public class NoQuarterState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;

    public NoQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You inserted a quarter");
        gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getHasQuarterState());
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You haven't inserted a quarter");
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turned, but there's no quarter");
    }

    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("You need to pay first");
    }

    public void refill() {
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "waiting for quarter";
    }
}

/**
 * 售空
 *
 * @author NNroc
 * @date 2020/8/17 12:09
 */
public class SoldOutState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;

    public SoldOutState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You can't insert a quarter, the machine is sold out");
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You can't eject, you haven't inserted a quarter yet");
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turned, but there are no gumballs");
    }

    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
    }

    public void refill() {
        gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "sold out";
    }
}

/**
 * 售出
 *
 * @author NNroc
 * @date 2020/8/17 11:40
 */
public class SoldState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;

    public SoldState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a gumball");
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Sorry, you already turned the crank");
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("Turning twice doesn't get you another gumball!");
    }

    public void dispense() {
        gumballMachine.releaseBall();
        if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
            gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
        } else {
            System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs!");
            gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
        }
    }

    public void refill() {
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "dispensing a gumball";
    }
}

/**
 * 赢家多得一颗糖
 *
 * @author NNroc
 * @date 2020/8/17 12:09
 */
public class WinnerState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;

    public WinnerState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a Gumball");
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a Gumball");
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("Turning again doesn't get you another gumball!");
    }

    public void dispense() {
        gumballMachine.releaseBall();
        if (gumballMachine.getCount() == 0) {
            gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
        } else {
            gumballMachine.releaseBall();
            System.out.println("YOU'RE A WINNER! You got two gumballs for your quarter");
            if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
                gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
            } else {
                System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs!");
                gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
            }
        }
    }

    public void refill() {
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "despensing two gumballs for your quarter, because YOU'RE A WINNER!";
    }
}

/**
 * 自动贩卖机
 *
 * @author NNroc
 * @date 2020/8/17 11:42
 */
public class GumballMachine {
    State soldOutState;
    State noQuarterState;
    State hasQuarterState;
    State soldState;
    State winnerState;

    State state = soldOutState;
    int count = 0;

    /**
     * 取得初始糖果数量并存在一个实例变量中
     *
     * @param numberGumballs
     */
    public GumballMachine(int numberGumballs) {
        soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
        noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
        hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
        soldState = new SoldState(this);
        winnerState = new WinnerState(this);

        this.count = numberGumballs;
        if (numberGumballs > 0) {
            state = noQuarterState;
        }
    }

    public void insertQuarter() {
        state.insertQuarter();
    }

    public void ejectQuarter() {
        state.ejectQuarter();
    }

    public void turnCrank() {
        state.turnCrank();
        state.dispense();
    }

    void setState(State state) {
        this.state = state;
    }

    void releaseBall() {
        System.out.println("A gumball comes rolling out the slot...");
        if (count != 0) {
            count = count - 1;
        }
    }

    int getCount() {
        return count;
    }

    void refill(int count) {
        this.count += count;
        System.out.println("The gumball machine was just refilled; it's new count is: " + this.count);
        state.refill();
    }

    public State getState() {
        return state;
    }

    public State getSoldOutState() {
        return soldOutState;
    }

    public State getNoQuarterState() {
        return noQuarterState;
    }

    public State getHasQuarterState() {
        return hasQuarterState;
    }

    public State getSoldState() {
        return soldState;
    }

    public State getWinnerState() {
        return winnerState;
    }

    public String toString() {
        StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
        result.append("\nMighty Gumball, Inc.");
        result.append("\nJava-enabled Standing Gumball Model #2004");
        result.append("\nInventory: " + count + " gumball");
        if (count != 1) {
            result.append("s");
        }
        result.append("\n");
        result.append("Machine is " + state + "\n");
        return result.toString();
    }
}

测试

/**
 * @author NNroc
 * @date 2020/8/17 11:10
 */
public class GumballMachineTestDrive {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        GumballMachine gumballMachine = new GumballMachine(10);

        System.out.println(gumballMachine);

        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();

        System.out.println(gumballMachine);

        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();

        System.out.println(gumballMachine);

        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();

        System.out.println(gumballMachine);

        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();

        System.out.println(gumballMachine);

        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();

        System.out.println(gumballMachine);
    }
}