浅复制及其存在的问题
对于下面的代码,在复制类(MyString)的对象时,将复制指针成员,但不复制指向的缓冲区。
其结果是,两个对象指向同一块动态分配的内存。这被称为浅复制
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class MyString
{
private:
char* Buffer;
public:
//constructor
MyString(const char* InitialInput)
{
if(InitialInput != NULL)
{
Buffer = new char [strlen(InitialInput) + 1];
strcpy(Buffer, InitialInput);
}
else
{
Buffer = NULL;
}
}
//Destructor
~MyString()
{
cout << "Invoking destructor, clearing up" << endl;
if(Buffer != NULL)
{
delete [] Buffer;
}
}
int GetLength()
{
return strlen(Buffer);
}
const char* GetString()
{
return Buffer;
}
};
void UseMyString(MyString Input)
{
cout << "String buffer in MyString is " << Input.GetLength();
cout << " characters long" << endl;
cout << "Buffer contains: " << Input.GetString() << endl;
return;
}
int main()
{
MyString SayHello("Hello from String Class");
UseMyString(SayHello);
return 0;
}
输出结果如下,程序运行出现异常:
因此在调用 UseMyString 函数时,将实参 Hello 传递给形参 Input,只是复制了指针成员 Buffer
此时:Hello 的 Buffer 指针和 Input 的 Buffer 指针都指向同一块保存 “Hello from String Class” 字符串的区域。
异常分析:
UserMyString(SayHello) 处的复制,根据函数定义可知是按值传递
对于整型、字符、原始指针等POD数据(Plain Old Data(关于POD),能用 C 的 memcpy() 等函数进行操作的类、结构体就是 POD 类型的数据),编译器执行二进制拷贝(?),因此 SayHello 的 Buffer 包含的指针值被复制到 Input 中,即:
对于此程序:
调用 UserMyString(SayHello) 结束时,会调用析构函数对 Input.Buffer 进行delete,这将导致 main() 中的 SayHello 对象指向的内存无效。
而在 main() 执行完毕时,需要对 SayHello 对象指向内存释放,但此时的 SayHello.Buffer地址值已经是无效的(UseMyString结束已经释放了)
因此未成功销毁 SayHello 对象,出现异常。
使用深复制
在编写类时,必须提供复制构造函数。每当对象被复制时(包括将对象按值传递给函数),编译器都将调用复制构造函数。
复制构造函数的语法:
class MyString
{
MyString(const MyString& CopySource);
};
MyString::MyString(const MyString& CopySource)
{
//Copy constructor implementation code
}
复制构造函数的参数是以引用方式传入当前类的对象。使用引用参数编写自定义实现代码,从而确保深复制。
/*
程序清单9.9:定义复制构造函数,确保对动态分配的缓冲区进行深复制
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class MyString
{
private:
char* Buffer;
public:
//constructor
MyString(const char* InitialInput)
{
cout << "Constructor: creating new MyString" << endl;
if(InitialInput != NULL)
{
Buffer = new char [strlen(InitialInput) + 1];
strcpy(Buffer, InitialInput);
cout << "Buffer points to: " << hex;
cout << (unsigned int*)Buffer << endl;
}
else
{
Buffer = NULL;
}
}
//Copy constructor
MyString(const MyString& CopySource)
{
cout << "Copy constructor: copy from MyString" << endl;
if(CopySource.Buffer != NULL)
{
Buffer = new char [strlen(CopySource.Buffer) + 1];
strcpy(Buffer, CopySource.Buffer);
cout << "Buffer points to: " << hex;
cout << (unsigned int*)Buffer << endl;
}
else
{
Buffer = NULL;
}
}
//Destructor
~MyString()
{
cout << "Invoking destructor, clearing up" << endl;
if(Buffer != NULL)
{
delete [] Buffer;
}
}
int GetLength()
{
return strlen(Buffer);
}
const char* GetString()
{
return Buffer;
}
};
void UseMyString(MyString Input)
{
cout << "String buffer in MyString is " << Input.GetLength();
cout << " characters long" << endl;
cout << "Buffer contains: " << Input.GetString() << endl;
return;
}
int main()
{
MyString Hello("Hello from String Class");
UseMyString(Hello);
return 0;
}
拷贝中的 Buffer 与 SayHello.Buffer 指向的内存地址不同,因此 UserMyString() 对 Input 的内存释放不影响 main中的 SayHello 的内存释放
总结:
- 复制构造函数中使用 const,可以确保不会改变指向的源对象。
- 复制构造函数的参数必须使用引用传递。
实现赋值运算符 =
有时候需要对类的对象通过赋值的方式进行赋值:
class MyString
{
//....
};
MyString overwrite("who cares?");
overwrite = SayHello;
为确保深复制,需要提供复制赋值运算符:
ClassType& operator = (const ClassType& CopySource)
{
if(CopySource != NULL)
{
//Ansignment operator implementation...
}
return *this;
}
在深复制的代码基础上,引入复制赋值运算符:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class MyString
{
private:
char* Buffer;
public:
//constructor
MyString(const char* InitialInput)
{
cout << "Constructor: creating new MyString" << endl;
if(InitialInput != NULL)
{
Buffer = new char [strlen(InitialInput) + 1];
strcpy(Buffer, InitialInput);
cout << "Buffer points to: " << hex;
cout << (unsigned int*)Buffer << endl;
}
else
{
Buffer = NULL;
}
}
//Copy constructor
MyString(const MyString& CopySource)
{
cout << "Copy constructor: copy from MyString" << endl;
if(CopySource.Buffer != NULL)
{
Buffer = new char [strlen(CopySource.Buffer) + 1];
strcpy(Buffer, CopySource.Buffer);
cout << "Buffer points to: " << hex;
cout << (unsigned int*)Buffer << endl;
}
else
{
Buffer = NULL;
}
}
//Copy assignment operator
MyString& operator = (const MyString& CopySource)
{
if ((this != &CopySource) && (CopySource.Buffer != Buffer))
{
if (Buffer != NULL) // firstly, free original Buffer
{
delete [] Buffer;
}
Buffer = new char [strlen(CopySource.Buffer) + 1];
strcpy(Buffer, CopySource.Buffer);
}
return *this;
}
//Destructor
~MyString()
{
cout << "Invoking destructor, clearing up" << endl;
if(Buffer != NULL)
{
delete [] Buffer;
}
}
int GetLength()
{
return strlen(Buffer);
}
// const char* GetString()
// {
// return Buffer;
// }
// substitute GetString()
// such that use effectively "cout << String1 << String2 << endl;"
operator const char* ()
{
return Buffer;
}
};
int main()
{
MyString String1("Hello ");
MyString String2(" World");
cout << "Before assignment: " << endl;
cout << String1 << String2 << endl;
String2 = String1;
cout << "After assignment String2 = String1:" << endl;
cout << String1 << String2 << endl;
return 0;
}
- operator const char* () 替换 GetString,以便于可以用一条 cout 输出 String1、String2
- 如果编写的类管理着动态资源的分配(C风格的 char*、动态数组),除了创建构造函数和析构函数,还要实现复制构造函数和复制赋值操作符
- 创建不允许复制的类,可以将复制构造函数、复制赋值运算符声明为私有
本文内容参考:
《21天学通C++第七版》