英语语法笔记Day8——特殊句型

英语语法笔记——特殊句型

• 特殊句型
  强调句、倒装句、否定句

• 特殊句型之强调句
  1、定义：一种修辞手法，突出句中的部分内容
  2、三种构成手段：词汇手段、语序手段、句式手段
  3、规则1.1：在谓语动词前使用助动词“do”，表示强调：
  I do appreciate your help.
  The method did work.
  注意：谓语部分不能有其他助动词：
  He has realized his dream.
  4、规则1.2：在句中使用有强调含义的词或词组，如very,thoroughly,badly,highly,on earth：
  That is the very textbook we used last year.
  The school is badly in need of some new computers.
  This issue is highly important.
  What on earth is it?
  5、规则2：调整句子语序，将需要强调的部分前置：
  To switch on the machine,press the red button.
  6、规则3：采用强调句式，突出被强调部分：
  公式：It is（was）+被强调部分+that/who…,若强调表示人的成分，用who/that，其与一律用that，不能用when或where：
  It was my colleagues who conducted the research in China last year.
  It was in China that my colleagues conducted the research last year.
  It was last year that my colleagues conducted the research in China.
  It was the research that my colleagues conducted in China last year.

• 特殊句型之倒装句
  1、谓语部分=核心动词+辅助动词（情态动词+助动词）
  2、倒装的种类：
  （1）完全倒装：将句子中的谓语部分全部置于主语之前
  （2）部分倒装：将谓语的一部分（辅助动词）提到主语前，而谓语的核心动词位置不变，仍放在主语之后
  3、完全倒装：
  （1）规则1.1：为了表示强调，可以把状语放在句首，句子采用全部倒装：
  原形：The woman rushed out.
  倒装：Out rushed the woman.
  原形：A villa sits on the north bank of the river.
  倒装：On the north of the river sits a villa.
  （2）规则1.2：将表语放在句首，句子采用全部倒装：
  原形：Those who are contented are happy.
  倒装：Happy are those who are contented.
  原形：Your experience is more improtant than your acdemic performance.
  倒装：More improtant than your acdemic performance is your experience.
  （3）规则2：There be句型，be动词可以换成表达“存在，有”等含义的动词（如live,stand,lie）
  原形：A cup is on the desk.
  倒装：There is a cup on the desk.
  原形：A mountain lies in front of the house.
  倒装：There lies a mountain in front of the house.
  注意：主谓一致原则，防止出现“双谓语”错误：
  There are a great deal of people travel abroad every year.(X)
  There are a great deal of people travelling abroad every year.(√)
  （4）特殊搭配：“毋庸置疑“：
  There is no doubt that…
  4、部分倒装：
  （1）规则1：将含有否定意义的词或词组放置句首表示强调时，要将辅助动词放在主语之前，而谓语部分的核心动词位置不变，常见词汇：never,seldom,scarcely,hardly.
  原形：I have never seen such a terrible behavior.
  步骤：否定词提前，然后助动词提前
  倒装：Never have I seen such a terrible behavior.
  原形：She seldom reads newspapers.
  倒装：Seldom does she read newspapers.
  （2）规则2：only所修饰的状语被前置于句首时，采用部分倒装
  原形：The problem can be effectively solved only in this way.
  倒装：Only in this way can the problem be effectively solved.
  注意：如果only修饰的是主语，则不需要倒装：
  Only a few young men attended the conference.

• 特殊句型之否定句
  1、完全否定：否定全部句子内容
  （1）规则1：谓语部分增加not表达否定含义：
  They cannot do the work.
  （2）规则2：利用否定词汇表达否定含义（none,neither,hardly,seldom）:
  None of them are gentlemen.
  Neither of them are popular.
  Chinese students seldom speak English。
  2、部分否定：否定部分句子内容
  （1）规则1：当not于代表全体意义的代词连用时，比到达部分否定，”并非都“：
  Not both of them are popular.
  Not everyone is here.
  （2）规则2：当not于代表全体意义的副词连用时，比到达部分否定，”并非总是“：
  I am mot always polite.
  （3）否定转移：在形式上否定某一部分的内容，但在语义上却是否定另一部分：
  I don’t think he will surrender.
  3、双重否定表达肯定含义，”without,fail,deny,im-,-less“
  He cannot live without books.
  Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.