python collections 使用

import collections

c = collections.Counter('extremely')
c['z'] = 0
print c
print list(c.elements())
The order of elements is not guaranteed, and items with counts less than zero are not included.

$ python collections_counter_elements.py

Counter({'e': 3, 'm': 1, 'l': 1, 'r': 1, 't': 1, 'y': 1, 'x': 1, 'z': 0})
['e', 'e', 'e', 'm', 'l', 'r', 't', 'y', 'x']


collections 中 deque用法
In [15]: d = collections.deque('dfhdhfdjfhd')

In [16]: print(d)
deque(['d', 'f', 'h', 'd', 'h', 'f', 'd', 'j', 'f', 'h', 'd'])

标准字典包括用于检索值的方法setdefault（），如果该值不存在则建立默认值。相比之下，defaultdict允许调用者在初始化容器时指定默认的默认值
import collections

def default_factory():
    return 'default value'

d = collections.defaultdict(default_factory, foo='bar')