Mysql基础部分(9)---子查询

Mysql基础部分内容：
Mysql基础部分(1)—基础操作指令与语法规范
Mysql基础部分(2)—基础查询
Mysql基础部分(3)—条件查询
Mysql基础部分(4)—排序查询
Mysql基础部分(5)—常见函数
Mysql基础部分(6)—分组函数
Mysql基础部分(7)—分组查询
Mysql基础部分(8)—sql99语法
Mysql基础部分(9)—子查询
Mysql基础部分(10)—分页查询
Mysql基础部分(11)—联合查询
Mysql基础部分(12)—数据的增删改
Mysql基础部分(13)—库和表的管理
Mysql基础部分(14)—常见的数据类型
Mysql基础部分(15)—常见约束
Mysql基础部分(16)—标识列
Mysql基础部分(17)—事务
Mysql基础部分(18)—视图
Mysql基础部分(19)—变量
Mysql基础部分(20)—存储过程
Mysql基础部分(21)—函数
Mysql基础部分(22)—流程控制结构

#进阶7：子查询
/*
含义：出现在其他语句中的select语句，成为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句，成为主查询或外查询

分类：
按子查询出现的位置：
	select后面：
		仅仅支持标量子查询
	from后面：
		支持表子查询
	where或having后面：
		标量子查询(单行)(重点)
		列子查询(多行)(重点)
		行子查询（用的较少）
	exists后面(相关子查询)

按结果集的行列数不同：
	标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
	列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
	行子查询（结果集只有一行多列）
	表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）
*/

#一、where或having后面
/*
1.标量子查询(单行子查询)
2.列子查询(多行子查询)
3.行子查询(多列多行)

特点：
①子查询一般放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >=  <=  = <>

列子查询，一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行，主查询的条件用到了子查询
*/
#1.标量子查询
#案例1：谁的工资比Abel高
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';

#②查询员工的信息，满足salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);

#案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工  姓名，job_id和工资

#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141

#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143

#③查询员工的姓名，job_id和工资，要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
	SELECT job_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 141
)AND salary>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 143
);


#案例3:返回工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees

#②查询last_name,job_id和salary，要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
);

#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和最低工资
#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50

#②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#③在②基础上筛选，满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 50
);


#非法使用标量子查询
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 250
);


#2.列子查询(多行子查询)
#1.案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中所有员工姓名

#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)

#②查询员工姓名，要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)
);

#或
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =ANY(
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)
);

#案例2：返回其他工种中比job_id为'IT_prog'工种任意工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary

#①查询job_id为'IT_PROG'部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

#②查询员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary,salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';


#案例3:返回其他工种中比job_id为'IT_prog'工种任意工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';


#3.行子查询(结果为一行多列或多行多列)
#案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);


#①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees

#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees

#③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = (
	SELECT MIN(employee_id)
	FROM employees
) AND salary = (
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

#二、select后面
/*
仅仅支持标量子查询
*/
#案例1：查询每个部门员工的个数
SELECT d.*,(
	SELECT COUNT(*)
	FROM employees e
	WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;

#案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
	SELECT department_name
	FROM departments d
	INNER JOIN employees e
	ON e.department_id = d.department_id
	WHERE e.employee_id = 102
) 部门名;


#三、from后面
/*
将子查询结果充当一张表，要求必须起别名
*/
#案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

SELECT * FROM job_grades;

#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表，筛选条件平均工资between lowest_sal and highest_val
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM(
	SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal


#四、exists后面(相关子查询)
/*
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果：
1或0
*/
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=30000)

#案例1：查询有员工的部门名
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
	SELECT *
	FROM employees e
	WHERE d.department_id = e.`department_id`
);

#使用IN的方法
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
);


#案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
#使用exists方法
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
	SELECT boyfriend_id 
	FROM beauty b
	WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
)

#使用IN方法
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty
)