Java EE 互联网轻量级整合开发笔记-第一章Java EE基础

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第一章Java EE基础

  • Java EE 本质是一种容器加组建的技术，容器是用来管理组件行为的一个集合工具，组件是开发者编写或者引入的第三方程序代码。只要开发者按照容器所定义的规范开发组件，组件就可以在容器中运行了。

  1. Java EE容器和组件

  • 容器，不需要用户开发

  • Web容器

包含一个Servlet容器，该容器可以运行Java的核心组件Servlet，而JSP最终也会被Web容器翻译为Servlet，再通过Servlet运行。此外，Web容器还可以运行HTML文件。Tomcat就实现了Web容器规范。

  • EJB容器

一个企业级Java Bean规范，被大部分企业抛弃。Tomcat无法运行，Wildfly和Glassfish能够运行，但存在很多问题。

  • 专门解决某类问题的容器，如Java NIO，一种支持字节组件的容器。

  • 组件，运行在Java容器中的程序片段

Web容器的组件主要为，Servlet和JSP，EJB容器主要组件为EJB

  1. Tomcat

文件夹

说明

bin

放置Tomcat的命令，如启动是startup.bat

conf

配置文件夹，可以设置编码参数

lib

启动的包，比如可以放数据库连接包

logs

放置Tomcat日志文件

temp

缓存文件夹

webapp

Web项目部署目录，可以自动发布放在其中的Web项目

把web项目或者war包整个放到该目录下就可以发布

work

工作目录，编译Servlet后生成的class文件可以放在这里

Tomcat日志编码修改：

打开conf文件夹下的logging.properties

java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.encoding = GBK

Tomcat运行时编码设置：

找到conf目录下的server.xml文件，找到<Connecter>元素进行修改

<Connecter port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1" connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" URIEncoding="UTF-8">

  1. Maven

一种常见的构建工具，可以通过一小段描述信息进行项目的构建、报告和文档管理的工具软件

如何将Maven的下载路径指向阿里巴巴的镜像？

去Maven目录的conf下找到配置文件setting.xml，再找到<mirrors>元素

maven配置文件位置：.m2/settings.xml

<mirror>
    <id>alimaven</id>
    <name>aliyun maven</name>
    <url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/</url>
    <mirrorOf>central</mirrorOf>
</mirror>

  1. Web组件容器Servlet

  • Web容器包含Servlet容器，Servlet容器中最基础的组件为Servlet

  • 以下是一段简单的servlet代码，拦截路径为/my

package com.learn.ssm.chapter1.servlet;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

@WebServlet(
    name="myServlet",
    urlPatterns = "/my"
)

public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet{
    
    @Override
    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {
        response.getWriter().print("Hello Servlet");
    }
}

4.1 Servlet生命周期

  • Servlet是Servlet容器的一个接口，在此基础上定义了GenericServlet和HttpServlet两个抽象类

  • 其中HttpServlet主要有三类方法

  • init方法

  • 服务方法：service、doGet和doPost

  • destroy方法：会在Servlet容器关闭或实例超时时被调用

第一次Http请求

Servlet容器构建Servlet实例 -> 调用实例的init方法 -> 调用服务方法响应请求

第二次和之后的请求，复用实例

以下测试Servlet生命周期的代码

package com.learn.ssm.chapter1.servlet;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

@WebServlet(
        name="myServlet",
        urlPatterns = "/my"
)


public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet{

    @Override
    public void init() {
        System.out.println("init 方法调用");
    }

    @Override
    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {
        System.out.println("doGet 方法调用");
        response.getWriter().print("Hello Servlet");
    }

    @Override
    public void destroy() {
        System.out.println("destroy 方法调用");
    }
}

第一次测试输入 http://localhost:8080/MyJavaEE_war/my

刷新网页后，只调用了doGet

最后停止服务器，调用destroy

4.2 修改Servlet参数

@WebServlet(
        name = "myServlet",
        urlPatterns = "/my",
        asyncSupported = true, // 是否异步执行
        loadOnStartup = 1, // 启动顺序，只有大于0才在项目启动时加载
        initParams = {
                @WebInitParam(name = "init.param1", value = "init-value1"),
                @WebInitParam(name = "init.param2", value = "init-value2")
        }
)

public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    public void init() {
        System.out.println("init 方法调用");
        String param1 = getServletConfig().getInitParameter("init.param1");
        String param2 = getServletConfig().getInitParameter("init.param2");
        System.out.println("param1: " + param1);
        System.out.println("param2: " + param2);
    }

4.3 HttpServletRequest的使用

a. 写一个继承自HttpServlet的类

  • 获取并设置请求属性

  • 获取并设置session属性，设置session间隔为半小时

  • 获取并设置application属性

  • application的作用域是Web项目在Servlet容器中存活期间有效

  • 注意：页面跳转可以使用response.sendRedirect，但是该跳转不传递请求上下文，意味着HttpServletRequet设置的属性无法被读取。

以下为代码

package com.learn.ssm.chapter1.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet(
        name = "reqServlet", // Servlet名称
        urlPatterns = "/request/*"
)

public class RequestServlet extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        // 获取端口，url，uri
        int port = request.getServerPort();
        String url = request.getRequestURL().toString();
        String uri = request.getRequestURI();
        System.out.println("服务器端口： " + port);
        System.out.println("url: " + url);
        System.out.println("uri: " + uri);

        // 获取请求头
        String userAgent = request.getHeader("User-Agent");
        System.out.println("User-Agent: " + userAgent);

        //获取参数
        String param1 = request.getParameter("param1");
        String param2 = request.getParameter("param2");

        //获取请示上下文
        ServletContext application = request.getServletContext();
        // 设置上下文属性
        application.setAttribute("application", "application-value");

        // 设置请求属性
        request.setAttribute("param1", param1);
        request.setAttribute("param2", param2);

        // 设置Session属性
        HttpSession session = request.getSession();
        // 设置Session超时时间为半小时，这里单位为s
        session.setMaxInactiveInterval(1800);
        session.setAttribute("session1", "session-value1");

        // 跳转到JSP页面
        request.getRequestDispatcher("/request-result.jsp").forward(request, response);
        // response.sendRedirect("/MyJavaEE_war/request-result.jsp");
    }
}

b. 跳转jsp页面代码

<%--
  Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
  User: xunzhou
  Date: 2023/3/12
  Time: 09:16
  To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
--%>
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>$Title$</title>
</head>
<body>
<%
    out.print("<h2>内置对象request</h2>");
    String param1 = (String) request.getAttribute("param1");
    String param2 = (String) request.getAttribute("param2");
    out.print("param1 => " + param1 + "<br>");
    out.print("param2 => " + param2 + "<br>");

    out.print("<h2>内置对象session</h2>");
    String session1 = (String) session.getAttribute("session1");
    out.print("session1 => " + session1 + "<br>");

    out.print("<h2>内置对象application</h2>");
    String appValue = (String) application.getAttribute("application");
    out.println("application => " + appValue + "<br>");
%>
</body>
</html>

c. 最后的效果画面

  • http://localhost:8080/MyJavaEE_war/request?param1=value1&param2=value2

4.4 HttpServletResponse设置响应类型和json数据

以下代码获取两个请求参数，转换为json，构造响应，并输出json

package com.learn.ssm.chapter1.servlet;

import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

@WebServlet(
        name = "respServlet",
        urlPatterns = "/response/*"
)

public class ResponseServlet extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        // 获取参数
        String param1 = request.getParameter("param1");
        String param2 = request.getParameter("param2");

        // 封装到Map数据结构中
        Map<String, String> resultMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
        resultMap.put("param1", param1);
        resultMap.put("param2", param2);

        // 转换为json数据集
        String json = JSON.toJSONString(resultMap);

        // 谁知响应JSON类型
        response.setContentType("application/json");
        // 设置响应编码为UTF-8
        response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        // 设置响应头
        response.setHeader("sueccess", "true");
        // 获取输出对象
        PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
        writer.println(json);
    }
}

浏览器输入： http://localhost:8080/MyJavaEE_war/response?param1=10&param2=100

4.5 过滤器的使用

  • 过滤器的作用是在Servlet的执行过程前后执行一些逻辑

  • Filter的init优于Servlet的init，它的doFilter可以拦截Servlet

  • 以下代码，如果request和repsonse的url没有初始化param1，则会被filter拦截后停下

package com.learn.ssm.chapter1.servlet;

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebFilter;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebInitParam;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebFilter(
        filterName = "servletFilter",
        // 拦截请求范围
        urlPatterns = {"/request/*", "/response/*"},
        // 需要的拦截的Servlet，提供名称
        servletNames = {"reqServlet", "respServlet"},
        // 初始化参数
        initParams = {
                @WebInitParam(name = "init.param1", value = "init-value-1"),
                @WebInitParam(name = "init.param2", value = "init-value-2")
        }
)
public class ServletFilter implements Filter {

    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
        String initParam1 = filterConfig.getInitParameter("init.param1");
        String initParam2 = filterConfig.getInitParameter("init.param1");

        System.out.println("Filter初始化参数: param1 => " + initParam1);
        System.out.println("Filter初始化参数: param2 => " + initParam2);
    }

    /**
     * @param servletRequest  请求对象
     * @param servletResponse  响应对象
     * @param filterChain  过滤器责任链
     * @throws IOException
     * @throws ServletException
     */
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
        // 强制转换
        HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest) servletRequest;
        HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) servletResponse;
        // 获取参数
        String param1 = request.getParameter("param1");
        if (param1 == null || param1.trim().equals("")) {
            response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
            response.setContentType("text/html");
            response.getWriter().println("没有参数: param1，拦截请求");
            // 不再转发到Servlet
            return;
        }
        // 放行请求
        filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
    }

    public void destroy() {
        System.out.println("filter 销毁方法");
    }
}

效果如下

4.6 监听

以下代码实现ServletContextListener

该接口方法监听上下文，在filter创建之前和销毁之后执行

package com.learn.ssm.chapter1.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebListener;

@WebListener
public class WebContextListener implements ServletContextListener {

    public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent sce) {
        System.out.println("监听器: Servlet上下文初始化后的逻辑");
    }

    public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent sce) {
        System.out.println("监听器: Servlet上下文摧毁");
    }
}

4.7 使用Cookie

Cookie是服务器写入用户本地浏览器的数据

package com.learn.ssm.chapter1.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet(
        name = "cookieServlet",
        urlPatterns = "/cookie/*"
)
public class CookieServlet extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        // 获取参数
        String action = req.getParameter("action");
        if ("write".equalsIgnoreCase(action)) {
            this.writeCookie(req, resp);
        } else if ("show".equalsIgnoreCase(action)) {
            this.showCookie(req, resp);
        } else {
            resp.getWriter().println("参数错误！");
        }
    }

    private void writeCookie(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException{
        for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
            Cookie cookie = new Cookie("cookie" + i, "cookie" + i);
            resp.addCookie(cookie);
        }
    }

    private void showCookie(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException{
        Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies();
        for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
            String name = cookie.getName();
            String value = cookie.getValue();
            resp.getWriter().println("<br> Cookie[" + name + "]: " + value);
        }
    }
}

  • 以下为先调用- http://localhost:8080/MyJavaEE_war/cookie?action=write

  • 再调用 - http://localhost:8080/MyJavaEE_war/cookie?action=show

提交表单，doPost

4.8 首先是开发表单jsp

package com.learn.ssm.chapter1.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

@WebServlet(
        name = "postServlet",
        urlPatterns = "/post"
)

public class PostServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String role_name = req.getParameter("role_name");
        String note = req.getParameter("note");
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.println("提交表单参数: " + role_name);
        writer.println("备注: " + note);
    }
}

然后/post路径接收参数打印

package com.learn.ssm.chapter1.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

@WebServlet(
        name = "postServlet",
        urlPatterns = "/post"
)

public class PostServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String role_name = req.getParameter("role_name");
        String note = req.getParameter("note");
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.println("提交表单参数: " + role_name);
        writer.println("备注: " + note);
    }
}
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