作用:给变量起别名
语法:数据类型 &别名 = 原名
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main1()
{
//引用基本语法
//数据类型 &别名 = 原名
int a = 10;
//创建引用
int& b = a;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
b = 100;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
引用的注意事项:
1. 引用必须初始化
2. 引用在初始化后,不可以改变
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main2()
{
int a = 10;
//1. 引用必须初始化
int& b = a;
//int& b;
//2. 引用在初始化后,不可以改变
int c = 20;
b = c; //赋值操作,而不是更改引用
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
cout << "c = " << c << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
引用做函数参数
作用:函数传参时,可以利用引用的技术让形参修饰实参
优点:可以简化指针修改参数
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//交换函数
//1. 值传递
void swap01(int a, int b)
{
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
/*cout << "swap01 a = " << a << endl;
cout << "swap01 b = " << b << endl;*/
}
//2. 地址传递
void swap02(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
/*cout << "swap02 a = " << a << endl;
cout << "swap02 b = " << b << endl;*/
}
//3. 引用传递
void swap03(int &a, int &b)
{
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
/*cout << "swap03 a = " << a << endl;
cout << "swap03 b = " << b << endl;*/
}
int main3()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
//swap01(a, b); //值传递,形参不会修饰实参
//swap02(&a, &b); //地址传递,形参会修饰实参
swap03(a, b); //引用传递,形参会修饰实参
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
作用:引用是可以作为函数的返回值存在的
注意:不要返回局部变量引用
用法:函数调用可以作为左值
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//不要返回局部变量引用
int& test01()
{
int a = 10; //局部变量存放在栈区
return a;
}
//函数调用可以作为左值
int& test02()
{
static int a = 10; //静态变量存放在全局区,全局区上的数据在程序结束后系统释放
return a;
}
int main4()
{
int &ref = test01();
cout << "ref = " << ref << endl; //第一次结果正确,是因为编译器做了保留
cout << "ref = " << ref << endl; //第二次结果错误,因为a的内存已经释放
int& ref2 = test02();
cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
//函数调用可以作为左值
test02() = 100;
cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
引用的本质:在c++内部实现是一个指针常量
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//发现是引用,转换为 int* const ref = &a;
void func(int& ref)
{
ref = 100; //ref是引用,转换为 *ref = 100;
}
int main5()
{
int a = 10;
//自动转换为 int* const ref = &a; 指针常量是指针指向不可改,也说明为什么引用不可更改
int& ref = a;
ref = 20; //内部发现ref是引用,自动帮我们转换为 *ref = 100;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;
func(a);
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
常量引用
作用:常量引用主要用来修饰形参,防止误操作
在函数形参列表中,可以加const修饰形参,防止形参改变实参
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//打印数据
void showValue(const int &val)
{
//val = 1000; //不可以修改val
cout << "val = " << val << endl;
}
int main6()
{
//常量引用
//使用场景:用来修饰形参,防止误操作
//int a = 10;
//加上const之后,编译器将代码修改为 int temp = 10; const int& ref = temp;
//const int& ref = 10; //引用必须引一块合法的内存空间
//ref = 20; //加入const之后变为只读,不可修改
int a = 100;
showValue(a);
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}