视图的使用

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含义

虚拟表,和普通表一样使用。mysql5.1版本出现的新特性，是通过表动态生成的数据。

应用场景

• 多个地方用到同样的查询结果
• 查询结果使用的sql语句较复杂

引入案例

-- 查询姓张的学生名和专业名
-- 1.之前的做法
SELECT stuname, majorName 
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m
ON s.`majorId`=m.`id`
WHERE s.`stuname` LIKE '张%';

-- 2.使用视图：先将表临时保存起来，需要的时候直接查询
CREATE VIEW v1
AS 
SELECT stuname, majorName 
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m
ON s.`majorId`=m.`id`;

SELECT * FROM v1
WHERE v1.`stuname` LIKE '张%';

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视图的创建

语法

语法：create VIEW 视图名 
AS 
查询语句;

使用案例

USE myemployees;

#1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息
#①创建视图
CREATE VIEW v1
AS 
SELECT last_name, department_name, job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.job_id = j.job_id;
#②使用
SELECT * FROM v1
WHERE v1.`last_name` LIKE '%a%';


#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别
#①创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资
CREATE VIEW v
AS 
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id;  
#②使用
SELECT v.*, jg.`grade_level` FROM v
INNER JOIN job_grades jg
WHERE v.`avg(salary)` BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;


#3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息
CREATE VIEW v1
AS
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) 
FROM employees e
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT d.*, MIN(v1.`avg(salary)`)
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN v1
ON d.`department_id` = v1.`department_id`;

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视图的修改、删除、查看

视图的修改

方式一：replace

语法

create or replace view 视图名
as
查询语句;

具体案例

SELECT * FROM v;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW v
AS
SELECT AVG(salary), job_id 
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;

方式二：alter

语法

alter view 视图名 
as 
查询语句;

具体使用

ALTER VIEW v
AS
SELECT * FROM employees;

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视图的删除

用户可以一次删除一个或者多个视图，前提是必须有该视图的drop权限

语法

drop VIEW 视图1，视图2,…;

具体案例

DROP VIEW v, v1;

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视图的查看

语法

DESC v;

具体使用

DESC myv3;
SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3;

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视图的更新（视图内数据的增删改， 一般不用）

增删改的使用

DROP VIEW myv1;

CREATE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name, email
FROM employees;
SELECT * FROM myv1;


#1.插入
INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞', 'zf@qq.com');

SELECT * FROM employees;  #数据同样会被插入到原始表中

#2.修改
UPDATE myv1
SET last_name = '张无忌'
WHERE last_name	= '张飞';

#3.删除
DELETE FROM myv1
WHERE last_name = '张无忌';

不允许更新的视图

• 包含以下关键字的sql语句：
  分组函数、distinct、group by、having、union或者union ALL
• 常量视图
• Select中包含子查询
• JOIN
• from一个不能更新的视图
• where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表

具体示例

#①包含以下关键字的sql语句：分组函数、distinct、group  by、having、union或者union all
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT * FROM myv1;

#更新(视图中有group by，更新失败)
UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;

#②常量视图
DROP VIEW myv2;
CREATE VIEW myv2
AS 
SELECT 100 col1;

SELECT * FROM myv2;
#更新
UPDATE myv2
SET col1 = 200;

#③Select中包含子查询
CREATE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT (
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
) max_salary;

SELECT * FROM myv3;
#更新
UPDATE myv3
SET max_salary = 1000;

#④join
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS
SELECT e.last_name, d.department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

SELECT * FROM myv4;
#更新
-- update可以
UPDATE myv4
SET last_name = '张飞'
WHERE last_name = 'K_ing';

-- insert 不行
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('张三丰', 'xxx');

#⑤from后面跟了一个不能更新的视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS
SELECT * FROM myv3;

SELECT * FROM myv5;

#更新
UPDATE myv5
SET max_salary = 1000;

#⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS
SELECT last_name, email,salary
FROM employees e
WHERE employee_id IN (
	SELECT manager_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);

#更新
UPDATE myv6
SET salary = 1000;

视图和表的对比

	关键字	是否占用物理空间	使用
视图	VIEW	占用较小，只保存sql逻辑(即查询语句)	一般用于查询
表	TABLE	保存实际的数据	增删改查