ORA-01858 :在要求输入数字处找到非数字字符

前言

Oracle数据库SQL语句查询报错。需要根据开始和结束时间来查询数据,接着就报错了

代码展现
select *
from course
where 
stime>= 'Mon Jul 04 00:00:00 CST 2011'
and etime<= 'Thu Jul 07 00:00:00 CST 2011'

描述:这段代码提示报错.

解决办法
   stime>= to_date('2011/7/4 9:31:42','yyyy-MM-dd hh24:mi:ss')
   and etime<= to_date('2011/7/8 9:31:42','yyyy-MM-dd hh24:mi:ss')

描述:由于stime是date类型,所以需要加上to_date()函数转化参数类型

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Oracle 10g 开发与管理 本文是由笔者2012年学习oracle数据库时编写的学习札记,其中的题目 多数为老师留下的思考题目。 我相信本文会对初学者使用oracle有一个初步的使用印象。右图为我所参 考的书籍。 第一讲 Oacle关系数据库 9 一. Oracle的安装 9 二. 用浏览器进入em 企业管理器 11 三.启动DBCA的方法 11 四.服务设置 11 五. Oracle的卸载 11 六. Oracle数据库的应用系统结构 11 七. 补充资料——oracle安装时出现的问题 12 第二讲 Oacle数据库体系结构 14 一. 物理存储结构——(数据库载体) 14 1.数据文件(.DBF) 14 2.日志文件 (.Log) 14 1) 日志文件 15 2) 数据库工作模式 15 3.控制文件(.ctl) 15 4.参数文件 (.ora) 16 二. 逻辑存储结构 17 1.数据块 (Data Blocks) 17 2.盘区(Extent) 18 3.段 (Segment) 18 4.表空间(Table Spaces) P34 18 三. 内存结构 19 1.数据缓冲区: 内存的40% 19 2.日志缓冲区: 19 3.数据字典缓冲区: 19 4.共享池 内存的10% 19 5.大池 5-10M 20 6.JAVA池 不小于20M 20 7.Streams池 20 8.软件代码区: 20 9.程序全局区(PGA) 20 四. 实例的进程结构(实例=SGA + 后台进程) 20 1.DBWR (数据库写入进程) 21 2.LGWR(日志写入进程) 22 3.ARCH(归档进程)-可选进程 22 4.CKPT(检查点进程)-可选进程 22 5.SMON (系统监控进程) 22 6.PMON (进程监控进程) 22 7.RECO (恢复进程) 22 8. Dnnn (调度进程)-可选进程(略) 22 五. 数据字典 22 第三讲 用户、模式和表 24 一. 用户和模式 24 1.模式 24 2.模式对象 24 3.用户 24 (1)创建用户 24 (2)授权 24 (3)删除用户及该模式下对象 26 二. 表 26 1. 数据类型 26 (1)字符型 26 (2)数值型 26 (3)日期时间型 26 (4)LOB (大型对象) 26 (5)RowID (伪列类型) 27 2. 创建表 27 (1)Create Table 表名 27 (2)在原来已有表上建一个新表(结构和数据) 27 (3)使用OEM建表 27 3.默认值和NULL值 27 三. 修改表 28 四. 删除表 28 五. 数据完整性 28 1.Primary Key 约束 28 2.NOT NULL约束 29 3.Unique 约束 29 4.Foreign Key 约束 29 5.Check约束 (最复杂)列级 | 表级 29 第四讲 SQL基本查询 31 一. SQL语句概述 31 1. SQL简介 31 2. SQL分类 31 3. PL/SQL (Procedure Language) 31 二. SQL*Plus 31 1.启动 SQL*Plus 单行编辑 31 2.启动iSQL*Plus 多行编辑 31 3.退出 32  直接关闭 32  输入:Exit 或 quit 32 三. 本书所使用的示例模式 32 1.Vendition:销售管理系统(11个表)(略) 32 2. School:学生成绩管理系统(6个表) 32 四. SQL SELECT语句 34 1.Select语句的格式 34 2.Select … From … ——选择列(投影) 35 3.Where子句——选择行(选择)数据过滤 35 4.Order By子句 35 5.统计函数——列名应指定别名 35 6. Group By分组 36 7.Having子句 36 8.练习:表的查询 36 五. 在SQL *Plus中使用函数 37 1.字符串函数 37 2.数字函数 37 3.日期时间函数 38 4.转换函数 38 第五讲 修改SQL数据与SQL*Plus命令 40 一.添加数据 40 1.Insert Into 表名 [ 字段列表 ] Values (值) 40 2.向表中插入空值 40 3.从其它表中拷贝数据 40 二. 更新数据 41 三. 删除数据 42 1.Delete 语句 42 2.Truncate 语句 42 四. SQL*Plus命令 42 1.设置环境变量命令 42 (1)Pause 43 (2)pagesize 和 newpage 43 (3)linesize 43
Oracle的数据类型: 1、CHAR数据类型,该类型是固定长度的字符串,如果没指定大小,则默认占用一字节,如果输入的值小于指定的长度,则数据库用空格填充至固定长度,如果用户输入的值大于指定的长度,则数据库返回错误信息 2、varchar2,用于存储可变长度的字符串,使用该数据类型可节省磁盘空间,但存储效率没有CHAR高 3、NCHAR和nvarchar2,NCHAR和CHAR区别在于NCHAR用来存储Unicode字符集类型,即双字节字符数据,CHAR是一个字节,而NCAHR是一个字符(两个字节),前者是CHAR(1)无法插入‘的’,后者是NCHAR(1)可以插入‘的’ 4、NUMBER表示数值数据类型,NUMBER(P,S),P为精度,表示数据的总位数,S为范围,表示小数点右边数字的位数 5、DATE数据类型,使用7个字节固定长度,每个字节分别存储世纪,年,月,日 ,时,分,秒,ORACLE中SYSDATE函数的功能是返回当前的日期和时间 6、TIMESTAMP数据类型,和DATE相似,但是这个类型的秒精确到小数点后6位,而DATE没有秒的小数部分 7、LOB数据类型用于存储大型的,没有被结构化的数据,例如二进制文件,图片文件,LOB主要分为BLOB和CLOB,BLOB数据类型用于存储二进制对象:图像,音频,视频...CLOB数据类型用于存储字符格式的大型对象 8、ORACLE其实也支持INTEGER,FLOAT,DOUBLE,VARCHAR,最好用ORACLE自身的NUMBER 和 VARCHAR2
本文是由笔者2012年学习oracle数据库时编写的学习札记,其中的题目 多数为老师留下的思考题目。 我相信本文会对初学者使用oracle有一个初步的使用印象。右图为我所参 考的书籍。 目录 第一讲 Oacle关系数据库 9 一. Oracle的安装 9 二. 用浏览器进入em 企业管理器 11 三.启动DBCA的方法 11 四.服务设置 11 五. Oracle的卸载 11 六. Oracle数据库的应用系统结构 11 七. 补充资料——oracle安装时出现的问题 12 第二讲 Oacle数据库体系结构 14 一. 物理存储结构——(数据库载体) 14 1.数据文件(.DBF) 14 2.日志文件 (.Log) 14 1) 日志文件 15 2) 数据库工作模式 15 3.控制文件(.ctl) 15 4.参数文件 (.ora) 16 二. 逻辑存储结构 17 1.数据块 (Data Blocks) 17 2.盘区(Extent) 18 3.段 (Segment) 18 4.表空间(Table Spaces) P34 18 三. 内存结构 19 1.数据缓冲区: 内存的40% 19 2.日志缓冲区: 19 3.数据字典缓冲区: 19 4.共享池 内存的10% 19 5.大池 5-10M 20 6.JAVA池 不小于20M 20 7.Streams池 20 8.软件代码区: 20 9.程序全局区(PGA) 20 四. 实例的进程结构(实例=SGA + 后台进程) 20 1.DBWR (数据库写入进程) 21 2.LGWR(日志写入进程) 22 3.ARCH(归档进程)-可选进程 22 4.CKPT(检查点进程)-可选进程 22 5.SMON (系统监控进程) 22 6.PMON (进程监控进程) 22 7.RECO (恢复进程) 22 8. Dnnn (调度进程)-可选进程(略) 22 五. 数据字典 22 第三讲 用户、模式和表 24 一. 用户和模式 24 1.模式 24 2.模式对象 24 3.用户 24 (1)创建用户 24 (2)授权 24 (3)删除用户及该模式下对象 26 二. 表 26 1. 数据类型 26 (1)字符型 26 (2)数值型 26 (3)日期时间型 26 (4)LOB (大型对象) 26 (5)RowID (伪列类型) 27 2. 创建表 27 (1)Create Table 表名 27 (2)在原来已有表上建一个新表(结构和数据) 27 (3)使用OEM建表 27 3.默认值和NULL值 27 三. 修改表 28 四. 删除表 28 五. 数据完整性 28 1.Primary Key 约束 28 2.NOT NULL约束 29 3.Unique 约束 29 4.Foreign Key 约束 29 5.Check约束 (最复杂)列级 | 表级 29 第四讲 SQL基本查询 31 一. SQL语句概述 31 1. SQL简介 31 2. SQL分类 31 3. PL/SQL (Procedure Language) 31 二. SQL*Plus 31 1.启动 SQL*Plus 单行编辑 31 2.启动iSQL*Plus 多行编辑 31 3.退出 32  直接关闭 32  输入:Exit 或 quit 32 三. 本书所使用的示例模式 32 1.Vendition:销售管理系统(11个表)(略) 32 2. School:学生成绩管理系统(6个表) 32 四. SQL SELECT语句 34 1.Select语句的格式 34 2.Select … From … ——选择列(投影) 35 3.Where子句——选择行(选择)数据过滤 35 4.Order By子句 35 5.统计函数——列名应指定别名 35 6. Group By分组 36 7.Having子句 36 8.练习:表的查询 36 五. 在SQL *Plus中使用函数 37 1.字符串函数 37 2.数字函数 37 3.日期时间函数 38 4.转换函数 38 第五讲 修改SQL数据与SQL*Plus命令 40 一.添加数据 40 1.Insert Into 表名 [ 字段列表 ] Values (值) 40 2.向表中插入空值 40 3.从其它表中拷贝数据 40 二. 更新数据 41 三. 删除数据 42 1.Delete 语句 42 2.Truncate 语句 42 四. SQL*Plus命令 42 1.设置环境变量命令 42 (1)Pause 43 (2)pagesize 和 newpage 43 (3)linesize 43 (4)numformat 选项 43 (5)timing 选项 44 2.格式化查询结果命令 44 (1)column : 44 (2)Ttitle 和 Btitle 命令 44 3.文件操作命令 45 (1)保存命令到文件 45 (2)检索命令文件到缓冲区 45 (3)运行命令文件 45 (4)保存查询结果到文件 46 4.交互命令:动态查询 46 (1)定义命令 46 (2)替换符 (用来临时存储有关的数据) 46 5.帮助命令 46 (1)help index 将显示SQL*Plus的所有命令 47 (2)help 命令名称 显示该命令的功能和选项 47 6.其他的SQL*Plus命令 47 (1)退出 SQL> Exit | Quit; 47 (2)清除命令 47 (3)查看表结构信息 47 (4)执行操作系统命令 47 第六讲 高级查询 50 一.简单连接 50 1.简单连接 50 2.表别名 P136 50 3.各个表之间的连接 50 二. 使用Join连接 50 1.内连接 50 (1)等值连接(有相同的,逐个匹配) 50 (2)不等连接 51 (3)自然连接 51 2.外连接 (左、右、完全) 51 3.交叉连接 52 三.集合操作 52 1.Union(并)——结果集相加 “Or” 52 2.Intersect(交) “And” 52 3. Minus(差) 52 四.子查询 53 1.使用的是表中的列 53 (1) IN 53 (2)Exist 53 (3)Some、Any和All 53 五.表的查询练习 54 第七讲 PL/SQL编程基础 56 7.1 PL/SQL 程序结构 56 1.PL/SQL块结构 56 2.PL/SQL块的分类(按照特性划分) 56 7.2变量与常量 56 (一)PL/SQL标识符 (给变量命名) 56 (二)标量变量 56 1.PL/SQL标识符 56 2.变量声明(名称、类型、值) 57 3.常量声明 57 (三)为变量和常量赋值 57 1.赋值的位置 57 2.赋值方式 57 (四)作用域:可以访问该变量的程序部分 58 7.3 PL/SQL 块中的SQL 语句 58 7.4 使用%TYPE和%ROWTYPE类型的变量 58 1.%Type 59 2.%RowType 59 7.5 复合变量 60 1.记录类型(“行”) 60 2.记录表类型(“表” ) 60 (1)使用的原因: 60 (2)定义记录表类型(联合数组) 60 7.6 条件判断语句 61 (一)If语句 61 (二)Case语句 62 7.7循环语句 63 1.“直到”循环 63 2.当型循环(While) 63 3.计数型循环(For) 63 7.8游标 64 (一)隐式游标 64 1.含义: 64 2.游标的属性:(获取游标的状态) 64 3.另一种隐式游标 64 (二)显示游标 64 1.声明 64 2.打开和关闭 65 3.检索数据 65 (三)游标For循环 65 (四)游标变量 (动态游标) 66 1.定义 66 2.声明游标变量 66 3.打开游标变量 66 (五) 使用游标更新数据库 66 7.9 异常理 66 (一)预定义异常 66 (二)预定义异常 67 1.声明异常名 67 2.将异常名与标准的Oracle错误号联系起来 67 3.在Exception中对异常做理 67 (三) 用户自定义异常 68 3.理异常 68 Exception 68 (四)异常传播 68 1.自定义异常的传播 68 2.声明中的异常 68 (五)使用SQLCODE和SQLERRM 68 第八讲 过程、函数和程序包 72 8.1存储过程(procedure) 72 1.创建 72 2.调用存储过程 72 3.修改(替换同名的存储过程) 73 4.参数 73 (1)In 参数:向过程传入一个值 73 (2)Out参数: 73 (3)In Out参数: 74 (4)默认值 74 5.局部变量和子过程 74 8.2函数(function) 75 1.创建 75 2.调用函数 75 8.3程序包(package) 76 1.规范 76 2.主体 76 3.私有成员 77 4.实例化 77 5.重载 77 6.管理程序包和执行权限 77 8.4依赖性 78 练习 78 第九讲 索 引 80 一.了解索引 80 1.B树索引(Balanced) 80 2.位图索引 80 3.反向索引 81 4.基于函数的索引 81 二. 创建索引 81 1.B树索引 81 2.位图索引 81 3.反向索引 81 4.基于函数的索引 81 三. 索引与约束 82 第十讲 视图、序列和同义词 83 一. 视图 83 1.先关概念 83 2.创建 83 3.修改视图 84 4.检索视图定义 84 5.视图的编译 84 6.视图的删除 84 二. 可更新的视图 84 三. 管理序列 84 1.创建 85 2.伪列 85 3.修改序列 85 4.查询序列 85 5.删除序列 85 四. 管理同义词 85 1.同义词 86 3.分类 86 4.创建 86 5.删除 86 第11讲 触发器 88 一. 触发器的组成 88 1.组成 88 2.事件 89 二.触发器的类型 89 1.DML触发器 89 (1)格式 90 (2)语句级触发器 90 (3)多条件触发的条件谓词 91 (4)行级触发器 92 2.替代触发器(instead of) 92 3.系统事件触发器 93 三.Alter Trigger语句 94 四.与触发器有关的数据字典 95 第12讲 安 全 98 一. 用户账号 98 1.用户配置文件(概要文件) 98 2.监视用户 98 二. 权限管理 99 (一)系统权限 99 (二) 对象权限 ---9种 100 三. 角色管理 101 1.系统预定义角色 101 2.自定义角色 101 3.启用和禁用角色 102 4.修改用户设置的角色 102 5.删除角色 102 四. 练习 102 五. 练习 103 六. 练习 104 七. 练习 105 第13讲 备份与恢复 106 一.数据库备份概述 106 1.备份和恢复 106 2.备份的类型 106 二. 数据库备份模式 106 三. 备份数据库 107 (一)物理备份 107 1.脱机备份 (无成本复制 copy paste) 107 2.联机备份 24*7模式 108 (二)逻辑备份 108 1.Export 导出 108 2.Import 导入 109 四. 数据库手动恢复 109 1. 完全恢复 109
集合了 所有的 Unix命令大全 登陆服务器时输入 公帐号 openlab-open123 telnet 192.168.0.23 自己帐号 sd08077-you0 ftp工具 192.168.0.202 tools-toolss 老师测评网址 http://172.16.0.198:8080/poll/ 各个 shell 可互相切换 ksh:$ sh:$ csh:guangzhou% bash:bash-3.00$ 一、注意事项 命令和参数之间必需用空格隔开,参数和参数之间也必需用空格隔开。 一行不能超过256个字符;大小写有区分。 二、特殊字符含义 文件名以“.”开头的都是隐藏文件/目录,只需在文件/目录名前加“.”就可隐藏它。 ~/ 表示主目录。 ./ 当前目录(一个点)。 ../ 上一级目录(两个点)。 ; 多个命令一起用。 > >> 输出重定向 。将一个命令的输出内容写入到一个文件里面。如果该文件存在, 就将该文件的内容覆盖; 如果不存在就先创建该文件, 然后再写入内容。 输出重定向,意思就是说,将原来屏幕输出变为文件输出,即将内容输到文件中。 < << 输入重定向。 本来命令是通过键盘得到输入的,但是用小于号,就能够使命令从文件中得到输入。 \ 表示未写完,回车换行再继续。 * 匹配零个或者多个字符。 ? 匹配一个字符。 [] 匹配中括号里的内容[a-z][A-Z][0-9]。 ! 事件。 $ 取环境变量的值。 | 管道。把前一命令的输出作为后一命令的输入,把几个命令连接起来。 |经常跟tee连用,tee 把内容保存到文档并显示出来。 三、通用后接命令符 -a 所有(all)。 -e 所有(every),比a更详细。 -f 取消保护。 -i 添加提示。 -p 强制执行。 -r 目录管理。 分屏显示的中途操作 空格<space> 继续打开下一屏; 回车<return> 继续打开下一行; b 另外开上一屏; f 另外开下一屏; h 帮助; q或Ctrl+C 退出; /字符串 从上往下查找匹配的字符串; ?字符串 从下往上查找匹配的字符串; n 继续查找。 四、退出命令 exit 退出; DOS内部命令 用于退出当前的命令理器(COMMAND.COM) 恢复前一个命令理器。 Ctrl+d 跟exit一样效果,表中止本次操作。 logout 当csh时可用来退出,其他shell不可用。 clear 清屏,清除(之前的内容并未删除,只是没看到,拉回上面可以看回)。 五、目录管理命令 pwd 显示当前所在目录,打印当前目录的绝对路径。 cd 进入某目录,DOS内部命令 显示或改变当前目录。 cd回车/cd ~ 都是回到自己的主目录。 cd . 当前目录(空格再加一个点)。 cd .. 回到上一级目录(空格再加两个点)。 cd ../.. 向上两级。 cd /user/s0807 从绝对路径去到某目录。 cd ~/s0807 直接进入主目录下的某目录(“cd ~"相当于主目录的路径的简写)。 ls 显示当前目录的所有目录和文件。 用法 ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHilLmnopqrRstux1@] [file...] ls /etc/ 显示某目录下的所有文件和目录,如etc目录下的。 ls -l (list)列表显示文件(默认按文件名排序), 显示文件的权限、硬链接数(即包含文件数,普通文件是1,目录1+)、用户、组名、大小、修改日期、文件名。 ls -t (time)按修改时间排序,显示目录和文件。 ls -lt 是“-l”和“-t”的组合,按时间顺序显示列表。 ls -F 显示文件类型,目录“/ ”结尾;可执行文件“*”结尾;文本文件(none),没有结尾。 ls -R 递归显示目录结构。即该目录下的文件和各个副目录下的文件都一一显示。 ls -a 显示所有文件,包括隐藏文件。 文件权限 r 读权限。对普通文件来说,是读取该文件的权限;对目录来说,是获得该目录下的文件信息。 w 写权限。对文件,是修改;对目录,是增删文件与子目录。 (注 删除没有写权限的文件可以用 rm -f ,这是为了操作方便,是人性化的设计)。 x 执行权限;对目录,是进入该目录 - 表示没有权限 形式 - rw- r-- r-- 其中 第一个是文件类型(-表普通文件,d表目录,l表软链接文件) 第2~4个是属主,生成文件时登录的人,权限最高,用u表示 第5~7个是属组,系统管理员分配的同组的一个或几个人,用g表示 第8~10个是其他人,除属组外的人,用o表示 所有人,包括属主、属组及其他人,用a表示 chmod 更改权限; 用法 chmod [-fR] <绝对模式> 文件 ... chmod [-fR] <符号模式列表> 文件 ... 其中 <符号模式列表> 是一个用逗号分隔的表 [ugoa]{+|-|=}[rwxXlstugo] chmod u+rw 给用户加权限。同理,u-rw也可以减权限。 chmod u=rw 给用户赋权限。与加权限不一样,赋权限有覆盖的效果。 主要形式有如下几种 chmod u+rw chmod u=rw chmod u+r, u+w chmod u+rw,g+w, o+r chmod 777( 用数字的方式设置权限是最常用的) 数字表示权限时,各数位分别表示属主、属组及其他人; 其中,1是执行权(Execute),2是写权限(Write),4是读权限(Read), 具体权限相当于三种权限的数相加,如7=1+2+4,即拥有读写和执行权。 另外,临时文件/目录的权限为rwt,可写却不可删,关机后自动删除;建临时目录:chmod 777 目录名,再chmod +t 目录名。 id 显示用户有效的uid(用户字)和gid(组名) 用法 id [-ap] [user] id 显示自己的。 id root 显示root的。 id -a root 显示用户所在组的所有组名(如root用户,是所有组的组员) df 查看文件系统,查看数据区 用法 df [-F FSType] [-abeghklntVvZ] [-o FSType 特定选项] [目录 | 块设备 | 资源] df -k 以kbytes显示文件大小的查看文件系统方式 六、显示文件内容 more 分屏显示文件的内容。 用法 more [-cdflrsuw] [-行] [+行号] [+/模式] [文件名 ...]。 显示7个信息:用户名 密码 用户id(uid) 组id(gid) 描述信息(一般为空) 用户主目录 login shell(登录shell) cat 显示文件内容,不分屏(一般用在小文件,大文件显示不下);合并文件,仅在屏幕上合并,并不改变原文件。 用法 cat [ -usvtebn ] [-|文件] ... tail 实时监控文件,一般用在日志文件,可以只看其中的几行。 用法 tail [+/-[n][lbc][f]] [文件] tail [+/-[n][l][r|f]] [文件] 七、文件/目录的增删 echo 显示一行内容。 touch 如果文件/目录不存在,则创建新文件/目录;如果文件存在,那么就是更新该文件的最后访问时间, 用法 touch [-acm] [-r ref_file] 文件... touch [-acm] [MMDDhhmm[yy]] 文件... touch [-acm] [-t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.SS]] file... mkdir 创建目录(必须有创建目录的权限) 用法 mkdir [-m 模式] [-p] dirname ... mkdir dir1/dir2 在dir1下建dir2 mkdir dir13 dir4 dir5 连建多个 mkdir ~/games 用户主目录下建(默认在当前目录下创建) mkdir -p dir6/dir7/dir8 强制创建dir8;若没有前面的目录,会自动创建dir6和dir7。 不用-p时,若没有dir6/dir7,则创建失败。 cp 复制文件/目录 cp 源文件 目标文件 复制文件;若已有文件则覆盖 cp -r 源目录 目标目录 复制目录;若已有目录则把源目录复制到目标目录下, 没有目标目录时,相当于完全复制源目录,只是文件名不同。 cp beans apple dir2 把beans、apple文件复制到dir2目录下 cp -i beans apple 增加是否覆盖的提示 mv 移动或重命名文件/目录 用法 mv [-f] [-i] f1 f2 mv [-f] [-i] f1 ... fn d1 mv [-f] [-i] d1 d2 mv 源文件名 目标文件名 若目标文件名还没有,则是源文件重命名为目标文件;若目标文件已存在,则源文件覆盖目标文件。 mv 源文件名 目标目录 移动文件 mv 源目录 目标目录 若目标目录不存在,则源目录重命名;若目标目录已存在,则源目录移动到目标目录下。 rm 删除文件/目录 用法 rm [-fiRr] 文件 ... rm 文件名 删除文件。 rm -r 目录名 删除目录。 rm –f 文件 只要是该文件或者目录的拥有者,无论是否有权限删除,都可以用这个命令参数强行删除。 rm -rf * 删除所有文件及目录 rmdir 删除空目录。只可以删除空目录。 ln 创建硬链接或软链接,硬链接=同一文件的多个名字;软链接=快捷方式 用法 ln [-f] [-n] [-s] f1 [f2] ln [-f] [-n] [-s] f1 ... fn d1 ln [-f] [-n] -s d1 d2 ln file1 file1.ln 创建硬链接。感觉是同一文件,删除一个,对另一个没有影响;须两个都删除才算删除。 ln -s file1 file1.sln 创建软链接。可跨系统操作,冲破操作权限;也是快捷方式。 八、时间显示 date 显示时间,精确到秒 用法 date [-u] mmddHHMM[[cc]yy][.SS] date [-u] [+format] date -a [-]sss[.fff] cal 显示日历 cal 9 2008 显示2008年9月的日历; cal 显示当月的 用法 cal [ [月] 年 ] 九、帮助 man 帮助( format and display the on-line manual pages) 用法 man [-] [-adFlrt] [-M 路径] [-T 宏软件包] [-s 段] 名称 ... man [-] [-adFlrt] [-M path] [-T macro-package] [-s section] name... man [-M 路径] -k 关键字 ... man [-M 路径] -f 文件 ... awk 按一定格式输出(pattern scanning and processing language) 用法 awk [-Fc] [-f 源代码 | 'cmds'] [文件] 十、vi 底行模式 /? 命令模式 i a o 输入模式 vi 的使用方法 1、光标 h 左 j 下 k 上 l 右 set nu 显示行号(set nonu) 21 光标停在指定行 21G 第N行 (G到文件尾,1G到文件头) 如果要将光标移动到文件第一行,那么就按 1G H 屏幕头 M 屏幕中间 L 屏幕底 ^ 或 shift+6 行首 $ 或 shift+4 行尾 Ctrl+f 下翻 Ctrl+b 上翻 2、输入 (输入模式) o 光标往下换一行 O (大写字母o)在光标所在行上插入一空行 i 在光标所在位置的前面插入字母 a 在光标所在位置的后面插入一个新字母 <Esc> 退出插入状态。 3、修改替换 r 替换一个字符 dd 删除行,剪切行 (5dd删除5行) 5,10d 删除 5 至 10 行(包括第 5行和第 10 行) x 删除一个字符 dw 删除词,剪切词。 ( 3dw删除 3 单词) cw 替换一个单词。 (cw 和 dw 的区别 cw 删除某一个单词后直接进入编辑模式,而dw删除词后仍于命令模式) cc 替换一行 C 替换从光标到行尾 yy 复制行 (用法同下的 Y ,见下行) Y 将光标移动到要复制行位置,按yy。当你想粘贴的时候,请将光标移动到你想复制的位置的前一个位置,然后按 p yw 复制词 p 当前行下粘贴 1,2co3 复制行1,2在行3之后 4,5m6 移动行4,5在行6之后 u 当你的前一个命令操作是一个误操作的时候,那么可以按一下 u键,即可复原。只能撤销一次 r file2 在光标所在插入另一个文件 ~ 将字母变成大写 J 可以将当前行与下一行连接起来 /字符串 从上往下找匹配的字符串 ?字符串 从下往上找匹配的字符串 n 继续查找 1,$s/旧串/新串/g 替换全文(或者 %s/旧串/新串/g) (1表示从第一行开始) 没有g则只替换一次,加g替换所有 3、存盘和退出 w 存盘 w newfile 存成新文件 wq 存盘再退出VI(或者ZZ或 X) q! 强行退出不存盘 查看用户 users 显示在线用户(仅显示用户名)。 who 显示在线用户,但比users更详细,包括用户名、终端号、登录时间、IP地址。 who am i 仅显示自己,(但包括用户名、端口、登录时间、IP地址;信息量=who)。 whoami 也仅显示自己,但只有用户名(仅显示自己的有效的用户名)。 w 显示比who更多内容,还包括闲置时间、占CPU、平均占用CPU、执行命令。 用法 w [ -hlsuw ] [ 用户 ] su 改变用户,需再输入密码。 用法 su [-] [ username [ arg ... ] ] su - 相当于退出再重新登录。 查找 find 查找文件 用法 find [-H | -L] 路径列表 谓词列表 find / -name perl 从根目录开始查找名为perl的文件。 find . -mtime 10 -print 从当前目录查找距离现在10天时修改的文件,显示在屏幕上。 (注 “10”表示第10天的时候;如果是“+10”表示10天以外的范围;“-10”表示10天以内的范围。) grep 文件中查找字符;有过滤功能,只列出想要的内容 用法 grep -hblcnsviw 模式 文件 . . . 如 grep abc /etc/passwd 在passwd文件下找abc字符 wc 统计 -l 统计行数; -w统计单词数; -c 统计字符数 如 grep wang /etc/passwd|wc -l 统计passwd文件含“wang”的行数 du 查看目录情况 如 du -sk * 不加-s会显示子目录,-k按千字节排序 用法 du [-a] [-d] [-h|-k] [-r] [-o|-s] [-H|-L] [文件...] 进程管理 ps 显示进程。 用法 ps [ -aAdeflcjLPyZ ] [ -o 格式 ] [ -t 项列表 ] [ -u 用户列表 ] [ -U 用户列表 ] [ -G 组列表 ] [ -p 进程列表 ] [ -g 程序组列表 ] [ -s 标识符列表 ] [ -z 区域列表 ] ps 显示自己的进程。 ps -e 显示每个进程,包括空闲进程。 ps -f 显示详情。 ps -ef 组合-e和-f,所有进程的详情。 ps -U uidlist(用户列表) 具体查看某人的进程。 kill pkill sleep jobs 用法 jobs [-l ] fg %n bg %n stop %n 挂起(仅csh能用) Ctrl+C Ctrl+Z 网络链接 ping usage ping host [timeout] usage ping -s [-l | U] [adLnRrv] [-A addr_family] [-c traffic_class] [-g gateway [-g gateway ...]] [-F flow_label] [-I interval] [-i interface] [-P tos] [-p port] [-t ttl] host [data_size] [npackets] ifconfig -a /sbin/ifconfig 查看本机的IP地址 netstat -rn rlogin ftp 帮助文件 [sd0807@localhost ~]$ help GNU bash, version 3.1.17(1)-release (i686-redhat-linux-gnu) These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. JOB_SPEC [&] (( expression )) . filename [arguments] [ arg... ] [[ expression ]] alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] bg [job_spec ...] bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f fi break [n] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] caller [EXPR] case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]. cd [-L|-P] [dir] command [-pVv] command [arg ...] compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-o continue [n] declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=val dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...] echo [-neE] [arg ...] enable [-pnds] [-a] [-f filename] eval [arg ...] exec [-cl] [-a name] file [redirec exit [n] export [-nf] [name[=value] ...] or false fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last fg [job_spec] for NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMA for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COM function NAME { COMMANDS ; } or NA getopts optstring name [arg] hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [na help [-s] [pattern ...] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or hi if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or job kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -si let arg [arg ...] local name[=value] ... logout popd [+N | -N] [-n] printf [-v var] format [arguments] pushd [dir | +N | -N] [-n] pwd [-LP] read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [ readonly [-af] [name[=value] ...] return [n] select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do CO set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...] shift [n] shopt [-pqsu] [-o long-option] opt source filename [arguments] suspend [-f] test [expr] time [-p] PIPELINE times trap [-lp] [arg signal_spec ...] true type [-afptP] name [name ...] typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] name[=valu ulimit [-SHacdfilmnpqstuvx] [limit umask [-p] [-S] [mode] unalias [-a] name [name ...] unset [-f] [-v] [name ...] until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done variables - Some variable names an wait [n] while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done { COMMANDS ; } 输入 man help BASH_BUILTINS(1) BASH_BUILTINS(1) NAME bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, export, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, una- lias, unset, wait - bash built-in commands, see bash(1) BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the options. For example, the :, true, false, and test builtins do not accept options. : [arguments] No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is returned. . filename [arguments] source filename [arguments] Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command executed from filename. If filename does not contain a slash, file names in PATH are used to find the directory containing file- name. The file searched for in PATH need not be executable. When bash is not in posix mode, the current directory is searched if no file is found in PATH. If the sourcepath option to the shopt builtin command is turned off, the PATH is not searched. If any arguments are supplied, they become the positional parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if filename is not found or cannot be read. alias [-p] [name[=value] ...] Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose value is given. A trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For each name in the argument list for which no value is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. Alias returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has been defined. bg [jobspec ...] Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it had been started with &. If jobspec is not present, the shell’s notion of the current job is used. bg jobspec returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job con- trol enabled, any specified jobspec was not found or was started without job control. bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSV] bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq] bind [-m keymap] -f filename bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name bind readline-command Display current readline key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a readline function or macro, or set a readline variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must be passed as a sepa- rate argument; e.g., ’"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file’. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -m keymap Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Accept- able keymap names are emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. -l List the names of all readline functions. -p Display readline function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. -P List current readline function names and bindings. -v Display readline variable names and values in such a way that they can be re- read. -V List current readline variable names and values. -s Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in such a way that they can be re-read. -S Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. -f filename Read key bindings from filename. -q function Query about which keys invoke the named function. -u function Unbind all keys bound to the named function. -r keyseq Remove any current binding for keyseq. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is entered. The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. break [n] Exit from within a for, while, until, or select loop. If n is specified, break n levels. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when break is executed. builtin shell-builtin [arguments] Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it arguments, and return its exit sta- tus. This is useful when defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. The cd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command. cd [-L|-P] [dir] Change the current directory to dir. The variable HOME is the default dir. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing dir. Alterna- tive directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in CDPATH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ‘‘.’’. If dir begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. The -P option says to use the physical directory structure instead of following symbolic links (see also the -P option to the set builtin command); the -L option forces symbolic links to be followed. An argument of - is equivalent to $OLDPWD. If a non-empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if - is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute path- name of the new working directory is written to the standard output. The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. caller [expr] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script exe- cuted with the . or source builtins. Without expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is supplied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. command [-pVv] command [arg ...] Run command with args suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin com- mands or commands found in the PATH are executed. If the -p option is given, the search for command is performed using a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. If either the -V or -v option is supplied, a description of command is printed. The -v option causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a more verbose description. If the -V or -v option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if command was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or command cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the command builtin is the exit status of command. compgen [option] [word] Generate possible completion matches for word according to the options, which may be any option accepted by the complete builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write the matches to the standard output. When using the -F or -C options, the vari- ous shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If word is specified, only those completions matching word will be displayed. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [-X filterpat] [-F function] [-C command] name [name ...] complete -pr [name ...] Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. If the -p option is sup- plied, or if no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all completion specifica- tions. The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion is attempted is described above under Programmable Completion. Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options (and, if necessary, the -P and -S options) should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the complete builtin is invoked. -o comp-option The comp-option controls several aspects of the compspec’s behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. comp-option may be one of: bashdefault Perform the rest of the default bash completions if the compspec gen- erates no matches. default Use readline’s default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. dirnames Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. filenames Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can per- form any filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to direc- tory names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. nospace Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. plusdirs After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. -A action The action may be one of the following to generate a list of possible comple- tions: alias Alias names. May also be specified as -a. arrayvar Array variable names. binding Readline key binding names. builtin Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as -b. command Command names. May also be specified as -c. directory Directory names. May also be specified as -d. disabled Names of disabled shell builtins. enabled Names of enabled shell builtins. export Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as -e. file File names. May also be specified as -f. function Names of shell functions. group Group names. May also be specified as -g. helptopic Help topics as accepted by the help builtin. hostname Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HOSTFILE shell variable. job Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as -j. keyword Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -k. running Names of running jobs, if job control is active. service Service names. May also be specified as -s. setopt Valid arguments for the -o option to the set builtin. shopt Shell option names as accepted by the shopt builtin. signal Signal names. stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. user User names. May also be specified as -u. variable Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as -v. -G globpat The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to generate the possible completions. -W wordlist The wordlist is split using the characters in the IFS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being completed. -C command command is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. -F function The shell function function is executed in the current shell environment. When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value of the COMPREPLY array variable. -X filterpat filterpat is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the preceding options and argu- ments, and each completion matching filterpat is removed from the list. A leading ! in filterpat negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed. -P prefix prefix is added at the beginning of each possible completion after all other options have been applied. -S suffix suffix is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option other than -p or -r is supplied without a name argument, an attempt is made to remove a comple- tion specification for a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. continue [n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until, or select loop. If n is specified, resume at the nth enclosing loop. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ‘‘top-level’’ loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when con- tinue is executed. declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...] typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...] Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no names are given then display the values of variables. The -p option will display the attributes and values of each name. When -p is used, additional options are ignored. The -F option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If the extdebug shell option is enabled using shopt, the source file name and line number where the function is defined are displayed as well. The -F option implies -f. The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: -a Each name is an array variable (see Arrays above). -f Use function names only. -i The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION ) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. -r Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. -t Give each name the trace attribute. Traced functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special mean- ing for variables. -x Mark names for export to subsequent commands via the environment. Using ‘+’ instead of ‘-’ turns off the attribute instead, with the exception that +a may not be used to destroy an array variable. When used in a function, makes each name local, as with the local command. If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of the variable is set to value. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using ‘‘-f foo=bar’’, an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see Arrays above), one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis- tent function with -f. dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n] Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the pushd command; the popd command removes entries from the list. +n Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -n Displays the nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. -l Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. -p Print the directory stack with one entry per line. -v Print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ...] Without options, each jobspec is removed from the table of active jobs. If the -h option is given, each jobspec is not removed from the table, but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP. If no jobspec is present, and neither the -a nor the -r option is supplied, the current job is used. If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option means to remove or mark all jobs; the -r option without a jobspec argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a jobspec does not specify a valid job. echo [-neE] [arg ...] Output the args, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The return status is always 0. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. The xpg_echo shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not echo expands these escape characters by default. echo does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. echo interprets the following escape sequences: \a alert (bell) \b backspace \c suppress trailing newline \e an escape character \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \0nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (zero to three octal digits) \nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (one to three octal digits) \xHH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) enable [-adnps] [-f filename] [name ...] Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If -n is used, each name is disabled; otherwise, names are enabled. For example, to use the test binary found via the PATH instead of the shell builtin version, run ‘‘enable -n test’’. The -f option means to load the new builtin command name from shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading. The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -f. If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -n is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -a is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled. If -s is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX special builtins. The return value is 0 unless a name is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eval [arg ...] The args are read and concatenated together into a single command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and its exit status is returned as the value of eval. If there are no args, or only null arguments, eval returns 0. exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]] If command is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process is created. The arguments become the arguments to command. If the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth arg passed to command. This is what login(1) does. The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty environ- ment. If -a is supplied, the shell passes name as the zeroth argument to the exe- cuted command. If command cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the shell option execfail is enabled, in which case it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If command is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. exit [n] Cause the shell to exit with a status of n. If n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EXIT is executed before the shell termi- nates. export [-fn] [name[=word]] ... export -p The supplied names are marked for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If the -f option is given, the names refer to functions. If no names are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of all names that are exported in this shell is printed. The -n option causes the export property to be removed from each name. If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the variable is set to word. export returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is sup- plied with a name that is not a function. fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last] fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd] Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from first to last is selected from the history list. First and last may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). If last is not specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that ‘‘fc -l -10’’ prints the last 10 commands) and to first otherwise. If first is not speci- fied it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. The -n option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The -r option reverses the order of the commands. If the -l option is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by ename is invoked on a file contain- ing those commands. If ename is not given, the value of the FCEDIT variable is used, and the value of EDITOR if FCEDIT is not set. If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance of pat is replaced by rep. A useful alias to use with this is ‘‘r="fc -s"’’, so that typing ‘‘r cc’’ runs the last command beginning with ‘‘cc’’ and typing ‘‘r’’ re-executes the last command. If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encoun- tered or first or last specify history lines out of range. If the -e option is sup- plied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-executed, unless cmd does not specify a valid history line, in which case fc returns failure. fg [jobspec] Resume jobspec in the foreground, and make it the current job. If jobspec is not present, the shell’s notion of the current job is used. The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is dis- abled or, when run with job control enabled, if jobspec does not specify a valid job or jobspec specifies a job that was started without job control. getopts optstring name [args] getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. optstring con- tains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option char- acters. Each time it is invoked, getopts places the next option in the shell vari- able name, initializing name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the variable OPTARG. The shell does not reset OPTIND auto- matically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a return value greater than zero. OPTIND is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and name is set to ?. getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in args, getopts parses those instead. getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character of optstring is a colon, silent error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first character of optstring is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, getopts places ? into name and, if not silent, prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. If getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed. If a required argument is not found, and getopts is not silent, a question mark (?) is placed in name, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If getopts is silent, then a colon (:) is placed in name and OPTARG is set to the option charac- ter found. getopts returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name] For each name, the full file name of the command is determined by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered. If the -p option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename is used as the full file name of the command. The -r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each name. If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed full pathname. The -l option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a name is not found or an invalid option is supplied. help [-s] [pattern] Display helpful information about builtin commands. If pattern is specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching pattern; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. The -s option restricts the infor- mation displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0 unless no command matches pattern. history [n] history -c history -d offset history -anrw [filename] history -p arg [arg ...] history -s arg [arg ...] With no options, display the command history list with line numbers. Lines listed with a * have been modified. An argument of n lists only the last n lines. If the shell variable HISTTIMEFORMAT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for strftime(3) to display the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp and the history line. If filename is supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, the value of HISTFILE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -c Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. -d offset Delete the history entry at position offset. -a Append the ‘‘new’’ history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the current bash session) to the history file. -n Read the history lines not already read from the history file into the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the begin- ning of the current bash session. -r Read the contents of the history file and use them as the current history. -w Write the current history to the history file, overwriting the history file’s contents. -p Perform history substitution on the following args and display the result on the standard output. Does not store the results in the history list. Each arg must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. -s Store the args in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the history list is removed before the args are added. If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information associated with each history entry is written to the history file. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid offset is supplied as an argument to -d, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails. jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ] jobs -x command [ args ... ] The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following meanings: -l List process IDs in addition to the normal information. -p List only the process ID of the job’s process group leader. -n Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. -r Restrict output to running jobs. -s Restrict output to stopped jobs. If jobspec is given, output is restricted to information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid jobspec is sup- plied. If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any jobspec found in command or args with the corresponding process group ID, and executes command passing it args, returning its exit status. kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ... kill -l [sigspec | exit_status] Send the signal named by sigspec or signum to the processes named by pid or jobspec. sigspec is either a case-insensitive signal name such as SIGKILL (with or without the SIG prefix) or a signal number; signum is a signal number. If sigspec is not present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of -l lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -l is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The exit_status argument to -l is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of a process termi- nated by a signal. kill returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. let arg [arg ...] Each arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION). If the last arg evaluates to 0, let returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. local [option] [name[=value] ...] For each argument, a local variable named name is created, and assigned value. The option can be any of the options accepted by declare. When local is used within a function, it causes the variable name to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. With no operands, local writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use local when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless local is used outside a function, an invalid name is sup- plied, or name is a readonly variable. logout Exit a login shell. popd [-n] [+n] [-n] Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top direc- tory from the stack, and performs a cd to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup- plied, have the following meanings: +n Removes the nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs, start- ing with zero. For example: ‘‘popd +0’’ removes the first directory, ‘‘popd +1’’ the second. -n Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero. For example: ‘‘popd -0’’ removes the last directory, ‘‘popd -1’’ the next to last. -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. If the popd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well, and the return status is 0. popd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change fails. printf [-v var] format [arguments] Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the control of the format. The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain charac- ters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, %b causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the cor- responding argument (except that \c terminates output, backslashes in \', \", and \? are not removed, and octal escapes beginning with \0 may contain up to four digits), and %q causes printf to output the corresponding argument in a format that can be reused as shell input. The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable var rather than being printed to the standard output. The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If the format requires more arguments than are supplied, the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. pushd [-n] [dir] pushd [-n] [+n] [-n] Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero) is at the top. -n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero) is at the top. -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. dir Adds dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. If the pushd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well. If the first form is used, pushd returns 0 unless the cd to dir fails. With the second form, pushd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. pwd [-LP] Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P option is supplied or the -o physical option to the set builtin command is enabled. If the -L option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [-a aname] [-p prompt] [-n nchars] [-d delim] [name ...] One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, and the first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the second name, and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned to the last name. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in IFS are used to split the line into words. The backslash character (\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -a aname The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable aname, starting at 0. aname is unset before any new values are assigned. Other name arguments are ignored. -d delim The first character of delim is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. -e If the standard input is coming from a terminal, readline (see READLINE above) is used to obtain the line. -n nchars read returns after reading nchars characters rather than waiting for a com- plete line of input. -p prompt Display prompt on standard error, without a trailing newline, before attempt- ing to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. -r Backslash does not act as an escape character. The backslash is considered to be part of the line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. -s Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed. -t timeout Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete line of input is not read within timeout seconds. This option has no effect if read is not reading input from the terminal or a pipe. -u fd Read input from file descriptor fd. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable REPLY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. readonly [-apf] [name[=word] ...] The given names are marked readonly; the values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the names are so marked. The -a option restricts the variables to arrays. If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The -p option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the vari- able is set to word. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a function. return [n] Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by n. If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but during execution of a script by the . (source) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either n or the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a function and not during execution of a script by ., the return status is false. Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...] Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, ... $n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: -a Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. -b Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. -e Exit immediately if a simple command (see SHELL GRAMMAR above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a while or until keyword, part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ││ list, or if the command’s return value is being inverted via !. A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. -f Disable pathname expansion. -h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. -k All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the environ- ment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -m Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by default for interactive shells on systems that support it (see JOB CONTROL above). Back- ground processes run in a separate process group and a line containing their exit status is printed upon their completion. -n Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. -o option-name The option-name can be one of the following: allexport Same as -a. braceexpand Same as -B. emacs Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with the --noediting option. errtrace Same as -E. functrace Same as -T. errexit Same as -e. hashall Same as -h. histexpand Same as -H. history Enable command history, as described above under HISTORY. This option is on by default in interactive shells. ignoreeof The effect is as if the shell command ‘‘IGNOREEOF=10’’ had been exe- cuted (see Shell Variables above). keyword Same as -k. monitor Same as -m. noclobber Same as -C. noexec Same as -n. noglob Same as -f. nolog Currently ignored. notify Same as -b. nounset Same as -u. onecmd Same as -t. physical Same as -P. pipefail If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all command
1、在单机环境下 要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到ORACLE用户,如下 su - oracle a、启动ORACLE系统 oracle>sqlplus SQL>connect internal SQL>startup SQL>quit b、关闭ORACLE系统 oracle>sqlplus SQL>connect internal SQL>shutdown SQL>quit 启动oracle9i数据库命令: $ sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Oct 31 13:53:53 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. SQL> connect / as sysdba Connected to an idle instance. SQL> startup^C SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. 2、在双机环境下 要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到root用户,如下 su - root a、启动ORACLE系统 hareg -y oracle b、关闭ORACLE系统 hareg -n oracle Oracle数据库有哪几种启动方式 说明: 有以下几种启动方式: 1、startup nomount 安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:重建控制文件、重建数据库 读取init.ora文件,启动instance,即启动SGA和后台进程,这种启动只需要init.ora文件。 2、startup mount dbname 安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行: 数据库日志归档、 数据库介质恢复、 使数据文件联机或脱机, 重新定位数据文件、重做日志文件。 执行“nomount”,然后打开控制文件,确认数据文件和联机日志文件的位置, 但此时不对数据文件和日志文件进行校验检查。 3、startup open dbname 先执行“nomount”,然后执行“mount”,再打开包括Redo log文件在内的所有数据库文件, 这种方式下可访问数据库中的数据。 4、startup,等于以下三个命令 startup nomount alter database mount alter database open 5、startup restrict 约束方式启动 这种方式能够启动数据库,但只允许具有一定特权的用户访问 特权用户访问时,会出现以下提示: ERROR: ORA-01035: ORACLE 只允许具有 RESTRICTED SESSION 权限的用户使用 6、startup force 强制启动方式 当不能关闭数据库时,可以用startup force来完成数据库的关闭 先关闭数据库,再执行正常启动数据库命令 7、startup pfile=参数文件名 带初始化参数文件的启动方式 先读取参数文件,再按参数文件中的设置启动数据库 例:startup pfile=E:Oracleadminoradbpfileinit.ora 8、startup EXCLUSIVE 二、用户如何有效地利用数据字典  ORACLE的数据字典是数据库的重要组成部分之一,它随着数据库的产生而产生, 随着数据库的变化而变化, 体现为sys用户下的一些表和视图。数据字典名称是大写的英文字符。 数据字典里存有用户信息、用户的权限信息、所有数据对象信息、表的约束条件、统计分析数据库的视图等。 我们不能手工修改数据字典里的信息。   很多时候,一般的ORACLE用户不知道如何有效地利用它。   dictionary   全部数据字典表的名称和解释,它有一个同义词dict dict_column   全部数据字典表里字段名称和解释 如果我们想查询跟索引有关的数据字典时,可以用下面这条SQL语句: SQL>select * from dictionary where instr(comments,'index')>0; 如果我们想知道user_indexes表各字段名称的详细含义,可以用下面这条SQL语句: SQL>select column_name,comments from dict_columns where table_name='USER_INDEXES'; 依此类推,就可以轻松知道数据字典的详细名称和解释,不用查看ORACLE的其它文档资料了。 下面按类别列出一些ORACLE用户常用数据字典的查询使用方法。 1、用户 查看当前用户的缺省表空间 SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users; 查看当前用户的角色 SQL>select * from user_role_privs; 查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限 SQL>select * from user_sys_privs; SQL>select * from user_tab_privs; 2、表 查看用户下所有的表 SQL>select * from user_tables; 查看名称包含log字符的表 SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0; 查看某表的创建时间 SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name'); 查看某表的大小 SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments where segment_name=upper('&table_name'); 查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表 SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0; 3、索引 查看索引个数和类别 SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name; 查看索引被索引的字段 SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name'); 查看索引的大小 SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments where segment_name=upper('&index_name'); 4、序列号 查看序列号,last_number是当前值 SQL>select * from user_sequences; 5、视图 查看视图的名称 SQL>select view_name from user_views; 查看创建视图的select语句 SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views; SQL>set long 2000; 说明:可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小 SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name'); 6、同义词 查看同义词的名称 SQL>select * from user_synonyms; 7、约束条件 查看某表的约束条件 SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name'); SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name') and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name order by cc.position; 8、存储函数和过程 查看函数和过程的状态 SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION'; SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE'; 查看函数和过程的源代码 SQL>select text from all_source where wner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name'); 三、查看数据库的SQL 1、查看表空间的名称及大小 select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name group by t.tablespace_name; 2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小 select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name, round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space from dba_data_files order by tablespace_name; 3、查看回滚段名称及大小 select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status, (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent, max_extents, v.curext CurExtent From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+) order by segment_name ; 4、查看控制文件 select name from v$controlfile; 5、查看日志文件 select member from v$logfile; 6、查看表空间的使用情况 select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name; SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE, (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE" FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 7、查看数据库库对象 select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status; 8、查看数据库的版本 Select version FROM Product_component_version Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle'; 9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式 Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database; 四、ORACLE用户连接的管理 用系统管理员,查看当前数据库有几个用户连接: SQL> select username,sid,serial# from v$session; 如果要停某个连接用 SQL> alter system kill session 'sid,serial#'; 如果这命令不行,找它UNIX的进程数 SQL> select pro.spid from v$session ses,v$process pro where ses.sid=21 and ses.paddr=pro.addr; 说明:21是某个连接的sid数 然后用 kill 命令杀此进程号。 五、SQL*PLUS使用 a、近入SQL*Plus $sqlplus 用户名/密码 退出SQL*Plus SQL>exit b、在sqlplus下得到帮助信息 列出全部SQL命令和SQL*Plus命令 SQL>help 列出某个特定的命令的信息 SQL>help 命令名 c、显示表结构命令DESCRIBE SQL>DESC 表名 d、SQL*Plus中的编辑命令 显示SQL缓冲区命令 SQL>L 修改SQL命令 首先要将待改正行变为当前行 SQL>n 用CHANGE命令修改内容 SQL>c/旧/新 重新确认是否已正确 SQL>L 使用INPUT命令可以在SQL缓冲区中增加一行或多行 SQL>i SQL>输入内容 e、调用外部系统编辑器 SQL>edit 文件名 可以使用DEFINE命令设置系统变量EDITOR来改变文本编辑器的类型,在login.sql文件中定义如下一行 DEFINE_EDITOR=vi f、运行命令文件 SQL>START test SQL>@test 常用SQL*Plus语句 a、表的创建、修改、删除 创建表的命令格式如下: create table 表名 (列说明列表); 为基表增加新列命令如下: ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD (列说明列表) 例:为test表增加一列Age,用来存放年龄 sql>alter table test add (Age number(3)); 修改基表列定义命令如下: ALTER TABLE 表名 MODIFY (列名 数据类型) 例:将test表中的Count列宽度加长为10个字符 sql>alter atble test modify (County char(10)); b、将一张表删除语句的格式如下: DORP TABLE 表名; 例:表删除将同时删除表的数据和表的定义 sql>drop table test c、表空间的创建、删除 六、ORACLE逻辑备份的SH文件 完全备份的SH文件:exp_comp.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=complete file=/oracle/export/db_comp$rq.dmp" 累计备份的SH文件:exp_cumu.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=cumulative file=/oracle/export/db_cumu$rq.dmp" 增量备份的SH文件: exp_incr.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=incremental file=/oracle/export/db_incr$rq.dmp" root用户crontab文件 /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root增加以下内容 0 2 1 * * /oracle/exp_comp.sh 30 2 * * 0-5 /oracle/exp_incr.sh 45 2 * * 6 /oracle/exp_cumu.sh 当然这个时间表可以根据不同的需求来改变的,这只是一个例子。 七、ORACLE 常用的SQL语法和数据对象 一.数据控制语句 (DML) 部分 1.INSERT (往数据表里插入记录的语句) INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) VALUES ( 值1, 值2, ……); INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) SELECT (字段名1, 字段名2, ……) FROM 另外的表名; 字符串类型的字段值必须用单引号括起来, 例如: ’GOOD DAY’ 如果字段值里包含单引号’ 需要进行字符串转换, 我们把它替换成两个单引号''. 字符串类型的字段值超过定义的长度会出错, 最好在插入前进行长度校验. 日期字段的字段值可以用当前数据库的系统时间SYSDATE, 精确到秒 或者用字符串转换成日期型函数TO_DATE(‘2001-08-01’,’YYYY-MM-DD’) TO_DATE()还有很多种日期格式, 可以参看ORACLE DOC. 年-月-日 小时:分钟:秒 的格式YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS INSERT时最大可操作的字符串长度小于等于4000个单字节, 如果要插入更长的字符串, 请考虑字段用CLOB类型, 方法借用ORACLE里自带的DBMS_LOB程序包. INSERT时如果要用到从1开始自动增长的序列号, 应该先建立一个序列号 CREATE SEQUENCE 序列号的名称 (最好是表名+序列号标记) INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1 MAXVALUE 99999 CYCLE NOCACHE; 其中最大的值按字段的长度来定, 如果定义的自动增长的序列号 NUMBER(6) , 最大值为999999 INSERT 语句插入这个字段值为: 序列号的名称.NEXTVAL 2.DELETE (删除数据表里记录的语句) DELETE FROM表名 WHERE 条件; 注意:删除记录并不能释放ORACLE里被占用的数据块表空间. 它只把那些被删除的数据块标成unused. 如果确实要删除一个大表里的全部记录, 可以用 TRUNCATE 命令, 它可以释放占用的数据块表空间 TRUNCATE TABLE 表名; 此操作不可回退. 3.UPDATE (修改数据表里记录的语句) UPDATE表名 SET 字段名1=值1, 字段名2=值2, …… WHERE 条件; 如果修改的值N没有赋值或定义时, 将把原来的记录内容清为NULL, 最好在修改前进行空校验; 值N超过定义的长度会出错, 最好在插入前进行长度校验.. 注意事项: A. 以上SQL语句对表都加上了行级锁, 确认完成后, 必须加上事物理结束的命令 COMMIT 才能正式生效, 否则改变不一定写入数据库里. 如果想撤回这些操作, 可以用命令 ROLLBACK 复原. B. 在运行INSERT, DELETE 和 UPDATE 语句前最好估算一下可能操作的记录范围, 应该把它限定在较小 (一万条记录) 范围内,. 否则ORACLE理这个事物用到很大的回退段. 程序响应慢甚至失去响应. 如果记录数上十万以上这些操作, 可以把这些SQL语句分段分次完成, 其间加上COMMIT 确认事物理. 二.数据定义 (DDL) 部分 1.CREATE (创建表, 索引, 视图, 同义词, 过程, 函数, 数据库链接等) ORACLE常用的字段类型有 CHAR 固定长度的字符串 VARCHAR2 可变长度的字符串 NUMBER(M,N) 数字型M是位数总长度, N是小数的长度 DATE 日期类型 创建表时要把较小的不为空的字段放在前面, 可能为空的字段放在后面 创建表时可以用中文的字段名, 但最好还是用英文的字段名 创建表时可以给字段加上默认值, 例如 DEFAULT SYSDATE 这样每次插入和修改时, 不用程序操作这个字段都能得到动作的时间 创建表时可以给字段加上约束条件 例如 不允许重复 UNIQUE, 关键字 PRIMARY KEY 2.ALTER (改变表, 索引, 视图等) 改变表的名称 ALTER TABLE 表名1 TO 表名2; 在表的后面增加一个字段 ALTER TABLE表名 ADD 字段名 字段名描述; 修改表里字段的定义描述 ALTER TABLE表名 MODIFY字段名 字段名描述; 给表里的字段加上约束条件 ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 约束名 PRIMARY KEY (字段名); ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 约束名 UNIQUE (字段名); 把表放在或取出数据库的内存区 ALTER TABLE 表名 CACHE; ALTER TABLE 表名 NOCACHE; 3.DROP (删除表, 索引, 视图, 同义词, 过程, 函数, 数据库链接等) 删除表和它所有的约束条件 DROP TABLE 表名 CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 4.TRUNCATE (清空表里的所有记录, 保留表的结构) TRUNCATE 表名; 三.查询语句 (SELECT) 部分 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 条件; 字段名可以带入函数 例如: COUNT(*), MIN(字段名), MAX(字段名), AVG(字段名), DISTINCT(字段名), TO_CHAR(DATE字段名,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') NVL(EXPR1, EXPR2)函数 解释: IF EXPR1=NULL RETURN EXPR2 ELSE RETURN EXPR1 DECODE(AA﹐V1﹐R1﹐V2﹐R2....)函数 解释: IF AA=V1 THEN RETURN R1 IF AA=V2 THEN RETURN R2 ..… ELSE RETURN NULL LPAD(char1,n,char2)函数 解释: 字符char1按制定的位数n显示,不足的位数用char2字符串替换左边的空位 字段名之间可以进行算术运算 例如: (字段名1*字段名1)/3 查询语句可以嵌套 例如: SELECT …… FROM (SELECT …… FROM表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 条件) WHERE 条件2; 两个查询语句的结果可以做集合操作 例如: 并集UNION(去掉重复记录), 并集UNION ALL(不去掉重复记录), 差集MINUS, 交集INTERSECT 分组查询 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] GROUP BY字段名1 [HAVING 条件] ; 两个以上表之间的连接查询 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名 [ AND ……] ; SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名(+) [ AND ……] ; 有(+)号的字段位置自动补空值 查询结果集的排序操作, 默认的排序是升序ASC, 降序是DESC SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] ORDER BY字段名1, 字段名2 DESC; 字符串模糊比较的方法 INSTR(字段名, ‘字符串’)>0 字段名 LIKE ‘字符串%’ [‘%字符串%’] 每个表都有一个隐含的字段ROWID, 它标记着记录的唯一性. 四.ORACLE里常用的数据对象 (SCHEMA) 1.索引 (INDEX) CREATE INDEX 索引名ON 表名 ( 字段1, [字段2, ……] ); ALTER INDEX 索引名 REBUILD; 一个表的索引最好不要超过三个 (特殊的大表除外), 最好用单字段索引, 结合SQL语句的分析执行情况, 也可以建立多字段的组合索引和基于函数的索引 ORACLE8.1.7字符串可以索引的最大长度为1578 单字节 ORACLE8.0.6字符串可以索引的最大长度为758 单字节 2.视图 (VIEW) CREATE VIEW 视图名AS SELECT …. FROM …..; ALTER VIEW视图名 COMPILE; 视图仅是一个SQL查询语句, 它可以把表之间复杂的关系简洁化. 3.同义词 (SYNONMY) CREATE SYNONYM同义词名FOR 表名; CREATE SYNONYM同义词名FOR 表名@数据库链接名; 4.数据库链接 (DATABASE LINK) CREATE DATABASE LINK数据库链接名CONNECT TO 用户名 IDENTIFIED BY 密码 USING ‘数据库连接字符串’; 数据库连接字符串可以用NET8 EASY CONFIG或者直接修改TNSNAMES.ORA里定义. 数据库参数global_name=true时要求数据库链接名称跟远端数据库名称一样 数据库全局名称可以用以下命令查出 SELECT * FROM GLOBAL_NAME; 查询远端数据库里的表 SELECT …… FROM 表名@数据库链接名; 五.权限管理 (DCL) 语句 1.GRANT 赋于权限 常用的系统权限集合有以下三个: CONNECT(基本的连接), RESOURCE(程序开发), DBA(数据库管理) 常用的数据对象权限有以下五个: ALL ON 数据对象名, SELECT ON 数据对象名, UPDATE ON 数据对象名, DELETE ON 数据对象名, INSERT ON 数据对象名, ALTER ON 数据对象名 GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO 用户名; GRANT SELECT ON 表名 TO 用户名; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 TO 用户名1, 用户名2; 2.REVOKE 回收权限 REVOKE CONNECT, RESOURCE FROM 用户名; REVOKE SELECT ON 表名 FROM 用户名; REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 FROM 用户名1, 用户名2; 查询数据库中第63号错误: select orgaddr,destaddr from sm_histable0116 where error_code='63'; 查询数据库中开户用户最大提交和最大下发数: select MSISDN,TCOS,OCOS from ms_usertable; 查询数据库中各种错误代码的总和: select error_code,count(*) from sm_histable0513 group by error_code order by error_code; 查询报表数据库中话单统计种类查询。 select sum(Successcount) from tbl_MiddleMt0411 where ServiceType2=111 select sum(successcount),servicetype from tbl_middlemt0411 group by servicetype 导文件exp和imp 例子: exp cjxt/cjxt tables=dcardres file=dcardres.dmp impgzcj/gzcj@oracletables=dcardres file=dcardres.dmp 查看有没有锁表 SELECT /*+ rule */ lpad(' ',decode(l.xidusn ,0,3,0))||l.oracle_username User_name, o.owner,o.object_name,o.object_type,s.sid,s.serial# FROM v$locked_object l,dba_objects o,v$session s WHERE l.object_id=o.object_id AND l.session_id=s.sid [Q]怎么杀掉特定的数据库会话 [A] Alter system kill session 'sid,serial#'; 或者 alter system disconnect session 'sid,serial#' immediate; 在win上,还可以采用oracle提供的orakill杀掉一个线程(其实就是一个Oracle进程) 在Linux/Unix上,可以直接利用kill杀掉数据库进程对应的OS进程 [Q]怎么快速查找锁与锁等待 [A]数据库的锁是比较耗费资源的, 特别是发生锁等待的时候,我们必须找到发生等待的锁,有可能的话,杀掉该进程。 这个语句将查找到数据库中所有的DML语句产生的锁,还可以发现,任何DML语句其实产生了两个锁,一个是表锁,一个是行锁。 可以通过alter system kill session ‘sid,serial#’来杀掉会话 SELECT /*+ rule */ s.username, decode(l.type,'TM','TABLE LOCK', 'TX','ROW LOCK', NULL) LOCK_LEVEL, o.owner,o.object_name,o.object_type, s.sid,s.serial#,s.terminal,s.machine,s.program,s.osuser FROM v$session s,v$lock l,dba_objects o WHERE l.sid = s.sid AND l.id1 = o.object_id(+) AND s.username is NOT NULL 如果发生了锁等待,我们可能更想知道是谁锁了表而引起谁的等待 以下的语句可以查询到谁锁了表,而谁在等待。 SELECT /*+ rule */ lpad(' ',decode(l.xidusn ,0,3,0))||l.oracle_username User_name, o.owner,o.object_name,o.object_type,s.sid,s.serial# FROM v$locked_object l,dba_objects o,v$session s WHERE l.object_id=o.object_id AND l.session_id=s.sid ORDER BY o.object_id,xidusn DESC ------------------------------- ORACLE常用命令 一、ORACLE的启动和关闭 1、在单机环境下 要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到ORACLE用户,如下 su - oracle a、启动ORACLE系统 oracle>svrmgrl SVRMGR>connect internal SVRMGR>startup SVRMGR>quit b、关闭ORACLE系统 oracle>svrmgrl SVRMGR>connect internal SVRMGR>shutdown SVRMGR>quit 启动oracle9i数据库命令: $ sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Oct 31 13:53:53 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. SQL> connect / as sysdba Connected to an idle instance. SQL> startup^C SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. 2、在双机环境下 要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到root用户,如下 su - root a、启动ORACLE系统 hareg -y oracle b、关闭ORACLE系统 hareg -n oracle Oracle数据库有哪几种启动方式 说明: 有以下几种启动方式: 1、startup nomount 安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:重建控制文件、重建数据库 读取init.ora文件,启动instance,即启动SGA和后台进程,这种启动只需要init.ora文件。 2、startup mount dbname 安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行: 数据库日志归档、 数据库介质恢复、 使数据文件联机或脱机, 重新定位数据文件、重做日志文件。 执行“nomount”,然后打开控制文件,确认数据文件和联机日志文件的位置, 但此时不对数据文件和日志文件进行校验检查。 3、startup open dbname 先执行“nomount”,然后执行“mount”,再打开包括Redo log文件在内的所有数据库文件, 这种方式下可访问数据库中的数据。 4、startup,等于以下三个命令 startup nomount alter database mount alter database open 5、startup restrict 约束方式启动 这种方式能够启动数据库,但只允许具有一定特权的用户访问 特权用户访问时,会出现以下提示: ERROR: ORA-01035: ORACLE 只允许具有 RESTRICTED SESSION 权限的用户使用 6、startup force 强制启动方式 当不能关闭数据库时,可以用startup force来完成数据库的关闭 先关闭数据库,再执行正常启动数据库命令 7、startup pfile=参数文件名 带初始化参数文件的启动方式 先读取参数文件,再按参数文件中的设置启动数据库 例:startup pfile=E:Oracleadminoradbpfileinit.ora 8、startup EXCLUSIVE 二、用户如何有效地利用数据字典  ORACLE的数据字典是数据库的重要组成部分之一,它随着数据库的产生而产生, 随着数据库的变化而变化, 体现为sys用户下的一些表和视图。数据字典名称是大写的英文字符。 数据字典里存有用户信息、用户的权限信息、所有数据对象信息、表的约束条件、统计分析数据库的视图等。 我们不能手工修改数据字典里的信息。   很多时候,一般的ORACLE用户不知道如何有效地利用它。   dictionary   全部数据字典表的名称和解释,它有一个同义词dict dict_column   全部数据字典表里字段名称和解释 如果我们想查询跟索引有关的数据字典时,可以用下面这条SQL语句: SQL>select * from dictionary where instr(comments,'index')>0; 如果我们想知道user_indexes表各字段名称的详细含义,可以用下面这条SQL语句: SQL>select column_name,comments from dict_columns where table_name='USER_INDEXES'; 依此类推,就可以轻松知道数据字典的详细名称和解释,不用查看ORACLE的其它文档资料了。 下面按类别列出一些ORACLE用户常用数据字典的查询使用方法。 1、用户 查看当前用户的缺省表空间 SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users; 查看当前用户的角色 SQL>select * from user_role_privs; 查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限 SQL>select * from user_sys_privs; SQL>select * from user_tab_privs; 2、表 查看用户下所有的表 SQL>select * from user_tables; 查看名称包含log字符的表 SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0; 查看某表的创建时间 SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name'); 查看某表的大小 SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments where segment_name=upper('&table_name'); 查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表 SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0; 3、索引 查看索引个数和类别 SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name; 查看索引被索引的字段 SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name'); 查看索引的大小 SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments where segment_name=upper('&index_name'); 4、序列号 查看序列号,last_number是当前值 SQL>select * from user_sequences; 5、视图 查看视图的名称 SQL>select view_name from user_views; 查看创建视图的select语句 SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views; SQL>set long 2000; 说明:可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小 SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name'); 6、同义词 查看同义词的名称 SQL>select * from user_synonyms; 7、约束条件 查看某表的约束条件 SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name'); SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name') and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name order by cc.position; 8、存储函数和过程 查看函数和过程的状态 SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION'; SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE'; 查看函数和过程的源代码 SQL>select text from all_source where owner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name'); 三、查看数据库的SQL 1、查看表空间的名称及大小 select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name group by t.tablespace_name; 2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小 select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name, round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space from dba_data_files order by tablespace_name; 3、查看回滚段名称及大小 select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status, (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent, max_extents, v.curext CurExtent From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+) order by segment_name ; 4、查看控制文件 select name from v$controlfile; 5、查看日志文件 select member from v$logfile; 6、查看表空间的使用情况 select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name; SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE, (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE" FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 7、查看数据库库对象 select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status; 8、查看数据库的版本 Select version FROM Product_component_version Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle'; 9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式 Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database; 四、ORACLE用户连接的管理 用系统管理员,查看当前数据库有几个用户连接: SQL> select username,sid,serial# from v$session; 如果要停某个连接用 SQL> alter system kill session 'sid,serial#'; 如果这命令不行,找它UNIX的进程数 SQL> select pro.spid from v$session ses,v$process pro where ses.sid=21 and ses.paddr=pro.addr; 说明:21是某个连接的sid数 然后用 kill 命令杀此进程号。 五、SQL*PLUS使用 a、近入SQL*Plus $sqlplus 用户名/密码 退出SQL*Plus SQL>exit b、在sqlplus下得到帮助信息 列出全部SQL命令和SQL*Plus命令 SQL>help 列出某个特定的命令的信息 SQL>help 命令名 c、显示表结构命令DESCRIBE SQL>DESC 表名 d、SQL*Plus中的编辑命令 显示SQL缓冲区命令 SQL>L 修改SQL命令 首先要将待改正行变为当前行 SQL>n 用CHANGE命令修改内容 SQL>c/旧/新 重新确认是否已正确 SQL>L 使用INPUT命令可以在SQL缓冲区中增加一行或多行 SQL>i SQL>输入内容 e、调用外部系统编辑器 SQL>edit 文件名 可以使用DEFINE命令设置系统变量EDITOR来改变文本编辑器的类型,在login.sql文件中定义如下一行 DEFINE_EDITOR=vi f、运行命令文件 SQL>START test SQL>@test 常用SQL*Plus语句 a、表的创建、修改、删除 创建表的命令格式如下: create table 表名 (列说明列表); 为基表增加新列命令如下: ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD (列说明列表) 例:为test表增加一列Age,用来存放年龄 sql>alter table test add (Age number(3)); 修改基表列定义命令如下: ALTER TABLE 表名 MODIFY (列名 数据类型) 例:将test表中的Count列宽度加长为10个字符 sql>alter atble test modify (County char(10)); b、将一张表删除语句的格式如下: DORP TABLE 表名; 例:表删除将同时删除表的数据和表的定义 sql>drop table test c、表空间的创建、删除 六、ORACLE逻辑备份的SH文件 完全备份的SH文件:exp_comp.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=complete file=/oracle/export/db_comp$rq.dmp" 累计备份的SH文件:exp_cumu.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=cumulative file=/oracle/export/db_cumu$rq.dmp" 增量备份的SH文件: exp_incr.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=incremental file=/oracle/export/db_incr$rq.dmp" root用户crontab文件 /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root增加以下内容 0 2 1 * * /oracle/exp_comp.sh 30 2 * * 0-5 /oracle/exp_incr.sh 45 2 * * 6 /oracle/exp_cumu.sh 当然这个时间表可以根据不同的需求来改变的,这只是一个例子。 七、ORACLE 常用的SQL语法和数据对象 一.数据控制语句 (DML) 部分 1.INSERT (往数据表里插入记录的语句) INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) VALUES ( 值1, 值2, ……); INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) SELECT (字段名1, 字段名2, ……) FROM 另外的表名; 字符串类型的字段值必须用单引号括起来, 例如: ’GOOD DAY’ 如果字段值里包含单引号’ 需要进行字符串转换, 我们把它替换成两个单引号''. 字符串类型的字段值超过定义的长度会出错, 最好在插入前进行长度校验. 日期字段的字段值可以用当前数据库的系统时间SYSDATE, 精确到秒 或者用字符串转换成日期型函数TO_DATE(‘2001-08-01’,’YYYY-MM-DD’) TO_DATE()还有很多种日期格式, 可以参看ORACLE DOC. 年-月-日 小时:分钟:秒 的格式YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS INSERT时最大可操作的字符串长度小于等于4000个单字节, 如果要插入更长的字符串, 请考虑字段用CLOB类型, 方法借用ORACLE里自带的DBMS_LOB程序包. INSERT时如果要用到从1开始自动增长的序列号, 应该先建立一个序列号 CREATE SEQUENCE 序列号的名称 (最好是表名+序列号标记) INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1 MAXVALUE 99999 CYCLE NOCACHE; 其中最大的值按字段的长度来定, 如果定义的自动增长的序列号 NUMBER(6) , 最大值为999999 INSERT 语句插入这个字段值为: 序列号的名称.NEXTVAL 2.DELETE (删除数据表里记录的语句) DELETE FROM表名 WHERE 条件; 注意:删除记录并不能释放ORACLE里被占用的数据块表空间. 它只把那些被删除的数据块标成unused. 如果确实要删除一个大表里的全部记录, 可以用 TRUNCATE 命令, 它可以释放占用的数据块表空间 TRUNCATE TABLE 表名; 此操作不可回退. 3.UPDATE (修改数据表里记录的语句) UPDATE表名 SET 字段名1=值1, 字段名2=值2, …… WHERE 条件; 如果修改的值N没有赋值或定义时, 将把原来的记录内容清为NULL, 最好在修改前进行空校验; 值N超过定义的长度会出错, 最好在插入前进行长度校验.. 注意事项: A. 以上SQL语句对表都加上了行级锁, 确认完成后, 必须加上事物理结束的命令 COMMIT 才能正式生效, 否则改变不一定写入数据库里. 如果想撤回这些操作, 可以用命令 ROLLBACK 复原. B. 在运行INSERT, DELETE 和 UPDATE 语句前最好估算一下可能操作的记录范围, 应该把它限定在较小 (一万条记录) 范围内,. 否则ORACLE理这个事物用到很大的回退段. 程序响应慢甚至失去响应. 如果记录数上十万以上这些操作, 可以把这些SQL语句分段分次完成, 其间加上COMMIT 确认事物理. 二.数据定义 (DDL) 部分 1.CREATE (创建表, 索引, 视图, 同义词, 过程, 函数, 数据库链接等) ORACLE常用的字段类型有 CHAR 固定长度的字符串 VARCHAR2 可变长度的字符串 NUMBER(M,N) 数字型M是位数总长度, N是小数的长度 DATE 日期类型 创建表时要把较小的不为空的字段放在前面, 可能为空的字段放在后面 创建表时可以用中文的字段名, 但最好还是用英文的字段名 创建表时可以给字段加上默认值, 例如 DEFAULT SYSDATE 这样每次插入和修改时, 不用程序操作这个字段都能得到动作的时间 创建表时可以给字段加上约束条件 例如 不允许重复 UNIQUE, 关键字 PRIMARY KEY 2.ALTER (改变表, 索引, 视图等) 改变表的名称 ALTER TABLE 表名1 TO 表名2; 在表的后面增加一个字段 ALTER TABLE表名 ADD 字段名 字段名描述; 修改表里字段的定义描述 ALTER TABLE表名 MODIFY字段名 字段名描述; 给表里的字段加上约束条件 ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 约束名 PRIMARY KEY (字段名); ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 约束名 UNIQUE (字段名); 把表放在或取出数据库的内存区 ALTER TABLE 表名 CACHE; ALTER TABLE 表名 NOCACHE; 3.DROP (删除表, 索引, 视图, 同义词, 过程, 函数, 数据库链接等) 删除表和它所有的约束条件 DROP TABLE 表名 CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 4.TRUNCATE (清空表里的所有记录, 保留表的结构) TRUNCATE 表名; 三.查询语句 (SELECT) 部分 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 条件; 字段名可以带入函数 例如: COUNT(*), MIN(字段名), MAX(字段名), AVG(字段名), DISTINCT(字段名), TO_CHAR(DATE字段名,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') NVL(EXPR1, EXPR2)函数 解释: IF EXPR1=NULL RETURN EXPR2 ELSE RETURN EXPR1 DECODE(AA﹐V1﹐R1﹐V2﹐R2....)函数 解释: IF AA=V1 THEN RETURN R1 IF AA=V2 THEN RETURN R2 ..… ELSE RETURN NULL LPAD(char1,n,char2)函数 解释: 字符char1按制定的位数n显示,不足的位数用char2字符串替换左边的空位 字段名之间可以进行算术运算 例如: (字段名1*字段名1)/3 查询语句可以嵌套 例如: SELECT …… FROM (SELECT …… FROM表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 条件) WHERE 条件2; 两个查询语句的结果可以做集合操作 例如: 并集UNION(去掉重复记录), 并集UNION ALL(不去掉重复记录), 差集MINUS, 交集INTERSECT 分组查询 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] GROUP BY字段名1 [HAVING 条件] ; 两个以上表之间的连接查询 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名 [ AND ……] ; SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名(+) [ AND ……] ; 有(+)号的字段位置自动补空值 查询结果集的排序操作, 默认的排序是升序ASC, 降序是DESC SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] ORDER BY字段名1, 字段名2 DESC; 字符串模糊比较的方法 INSTR(字段名, ‘字符串’)>0 字段名 LIKE ‘字符串%’ [‘%字符串%’] 每个表都有一个隐含的字段ROWID, 它标记着记录的唯一性. 四.ORACLE里常用的数据对象 (SCHEMA) 1.索引 (INDEX) CREATE INDEX 索引名ON 表名 ( 字段1, [字段2, ……] ); ALTER INDEX 索引名 REBUILD; 一个表的索引最好不要超过三个 (特殊的大表除外), 最好用单字段索引, 结合SQL语句的分析执行情况, 也可以建立多字段的组合索引和基于函数的索引 ORACLE8.1.7字符串可以索引的最大长度为1578 单字节 ORACLE8.0.6字符串可以索引的最大长度为758 单字节 2.视图 (VIEW) CREATE VIEW 视图名AS SELECT …. FROM …..; ALTER VIEW视图名 COMPILE; 视图仅是一个SQL查询语句, 它可以把表之间复杂的关系简洁化. 3.同义词 (SYNONMY) CREATE SYNONYM同义词名FOR 表名; CREATE SYNONYM同义词名FOR 表名@数据库链接名; 4.数据库链接 (DATABASE LINK) CREATE DATABASE LINK数据库链接名CONNECT TO 用户名 IDENTIFIED BY 密码 USING ‘数据库连接字符串’; 数据库连接字符串可以用NET8 EASY CONFIG或者直接修改TNSNAMES.ORA里定义. 数据库参数global_name=true时要求数据库链接名称跟远端数据库名称一样 数据库全局名称可以用以下命令查出 SELECT * FROM GLOBAL_NAME; 查询远端数据库里的表 SELECT …… FROM 表名@数据库链接名; 五.权限管理 (DCL) 语句 1.GRANT 赋于权限 常用的系统权限集合有以下三个: CONNECT(基本的连接), RESOURCE(程序开发), DBA(数据库管理) 常用的数据对象权限有以下五个: ALL ON 数据对象名, SELECT ON 数据对象名, UPDATE ON 数据对象名, DELETE ON 数据对象名, INSERT ON 数据对象名, ALTER ON 数据对象名 GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO 用户名; GRANT SELECT ON 表名 TO 用户名; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 TO 用户名1, 用户名2; 2.REVOKE 回收权限 REVOKE CONNECT, RESOURCE FROM 用户名; REVOKE SELECT ON 表名 FROM 用户名; REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 FROM 用户名1, 用户名2; 查询数据库中第63号错误: select orgaddr,destaddr from sm_histable0116 where error_code='63'; 查询数据库中开户用户最大提交和最大下发数: select MSISDN,TCOS,OCOS from ms_usertable; 查询数据库中各种错误代码的总和: select error_code,count(*) from sm_histable0513 group by error_code order by error_code; 查询报表数据库中话单统计种类查询。 select sum(Successcount) from tbl_MiddleMt0411 where ServiceType2=111 select sum(successcount),servicetype from tbl_middlemt0411 group by servicetype //创建一个控制文件命令到跟踪文件 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //增加一个新的日志文件组的语句 connect internal as sysdba alter database add logfile group 4 (’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’, ’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M; alter database add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’ to group 4;
ORACLE常用命令 一、ORACLE的启动和关闭 1、在单机环境下 要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到ORACLE用户,如下 su - oracle a、启动ORACLE系统 oracle>svrmgrl SVRMGR>connect internal SVRMGR>startup SVRMGR>quit b、关闭ORACLE系统 oracle>svrmgrl SVRMGR>connect internal SVRMGR>shutdown SVRMGR>quit 启动oracle9i数据库命令: $ sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Oct 31 13:53:53 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. SQL> connect / as sysdba Connected to an idle instance. SQL> startup^C SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. 2、在双机环境下 要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到root用户,如下 su - root a、启动ORACLE系统 hareg -y oracle b、关闭ORACLE系统 hareg -n oracle Oracle数据库有哪几种启动方式 说明: 有以下几种启动方式: 1、startup nomount 安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:重建控制文件、重建数据库 读取init.ora文件,启动instance,即启动SGA和后台进程,这种启动只需要init.ora文件。 2、startup mount dbname 安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行: 数据库日志归档、 数据库介质恢复、 使数据文件联机或脱机, 重新定位数据文件、重做日志文件。 执行“nomount”,然后打开控制文件,确认数据文件和联机日志文件的位置, 但此时不对数据文件和日志文件进行校验检查。 3、startup open dbname 先执行“nomount”,然后执行“mount”,再打开包括Redo log文件在内的所有数据库文件, 这种方式下可访问数据库中的数据。 4、startup,等于以下三个命令 startup nomount alter database mount alter database open 5、startup restrict 约束方式启动 这种方式能够启动数据库,但只允许具有一定特权的用户访问 特权用户访问时,会出现以下提示: ERROR: ORA-01035: ORACLE 只允许具有 RESTRICTED SESSION 权限的用户使用 6、startup force 强制启动方式 当不能关闭数据库时,可以用startup force来完成数据库的关闭 先关闭数据库,再执行正常启动数据库命令 7、startup pfile=参数文件名 带初始化参数文件的启动方式 先读取参数文件,再按参数文件中的设置启动数据库 例:startup pfile=E:Oracleadminoradbpfileinit.ora 8、startup EXCLUSIVE 二、用户如何有效地利用数据字典  ORACLE的数据字典是数据库的重要组成部分之一,它随着数据库的产生而产生, 随着数据库的变化而变化, 体现为sys用户下的一些表和视图。数据字典名称是大写的英文字符。 数据字典里存有用户信息、用户的权限信息、所有数据对象信息、表的约束条件、统计分析数据库的视图等。 我们不能手工修改数据字典里的信息。   很多时候,一般的ORACLE用户不知道如何有效地利用它。   dictionary   全部数据字典表的名称和解释,它有一个同义词dict dict_column   全部数据字典表里字段名称和解释 如果我们想查询跟索引有关的数据字典时,可以用下面这条SQL语句: SQL>select * from dictionary where instr(comments,'index')>0; 如果我们想知道user_indexes表各字段名称的详细含义,可以用下面这条SQL语句: SQL>select column_name,comments from dict_columns where table_name='USER_INDEXES'; 依此类推,就可以轻松知道数据字典的详细名称和解释,不用查看ORACLE的其它文档资料了。 下面按类别列出一些ORACLE用户常用数据字典的查询使用方法。 1、用户 查看当前用户的缺省表空间 SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users; 查看当前用户的角色 SQL>select * from user_role_privs; 查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限 SQL>select * from user_sys_privs; SQL>select * from user_tab_privs; 2、表 查看用户下所有的表 SQL>select * from user_tables; 查看名称包含log字符的表 SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0; 查看某表的创建时间 SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name'); 查看某表的大小 SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments where segment_name=upper('&table_name'); 查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表 SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0; 3、索引 查看索引个数和类别 SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name; 查看索引被索引的字段 SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name'); 查看索引的大小 SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments where segment_name=upper('&index_name'); 4、序列号 查看序列号,last_number是当前值 SQL>select * from user_sequences; 5、视图 查看视图的名称 SQL>select view_name from user_views; 查看创建视图的select语句 SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views; SQL>set long 2000; 说明:可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小 SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name'); 6、同义词 查看同义词的名称 SQL>select * from user_synonyms; 7、约束条件 查看某表的约束条件 SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name'); SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name') and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name order by cc.position; 8、存储函数和过程 查看函数和过程的状态 SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION'; SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE'; 查看函数和过程的源代码 SQL>select text from all_source where owner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name'); 三、查看数据库的SQL 1、查看表空间的名称及大小 select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name group by t.tablespace_name; 2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小 select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name, round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space from dba_data_files order by tablespace_name; 3、查看回滚段名称及大小 select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status, (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent, max_extents, v.curext CurExtent From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+) order by segment_name ; 4、查看控制文件 select name from v$controlfile; 5、查看日志文件 select member from v$logfile; 6、查看表空间的使用情况 select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name; SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE, (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE" FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 7、查看数据库库对象 select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status; 8、查看数据库的版本 Select version FROM Product_component_version Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle'; 9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式 Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database; 四、ORACLE用户连接的管理 用系统管理员,查看当前数据库有几个用户连接: SQL> select username,sid,serial# from v$session; 如果要停某个连接用 SQL> alter system kill session 'sid,serial#'; 如果这命令不行,找它UNIX的进程数 SQL> select pro.spid from v$session ses,v$process pro where ses.sid=21 and ses.paddr=pro.addr; 说明:21是某个连接的sid数 然后用 kill 命令杀此进程号。 五、SQL*PLUS使用 a、近入SQL*Plus $sqlplus 用户名/密码 退出SQL*Plus SQL>exit b、在sqlplus下得到帮助信息 列出全部SQL命令和SQL*Plus命令 SQL>help 列出某个特定的命令的信息 SQL>help 命令名 c、显示表结构命令DESCRIBE SQL>DESC 表名 d、SQL*Plus中的编辑命令 显示SQL缓冲区命令 SQL>L 修改SQL命令 首先要将待改正行变为当前行 SQL>n 用CHANGE命令修改内容 SQL>c/旧/新 重新确认是否已正确 SQL>L 使用INPUT命令可以在SQL缓冲区中增加一行或多行 SQL>i SQL>输入内容 e、调用外部系统编辑器 SQL>edit 文件名 可以使用DEFINE命令设置系统变量EDITOR来改变文本编辑器的类型,在login.sql文件中定义如下一行 DEFINE_EDITOR=vi f、运行命令文件 SQL>START test SQL>@test 常用SQL*Plus语句 a、表的创建、修改、删除 创建表的命令格式如下: create table 表名 (列说明列表); 为基表增加新列命令如下: ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD (列说明列表) 例:为test表增加一列Age,用来存放年龄 sql>alter table test add (Age number(3)); 修改基表列定义命令如下: ALTER TABLE 表名 MODIFY (列名 数据类型) 例:将test表中的Count列宽度加长为10个字符 sql>alter atble test modify (County char(10)); b、将一张表删除语句的格式如下: DORP TABLE 表名; 例:表删除将同时删除表的数据和表的定义 sql>drop table test c、表空间的创建、删除 六、ORACLE逻辑备份的SH文件 完全备份的SH文件:exp_comp.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=complete file=/oracle/export/db_comp$rq.dmp" 累计备份的SH文件:exp_cumu.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=cumulative file=/oracle/export/db_cumu$rq.dmp" 增量备份的SH文件: exp_incr.sh rq=` date +"%m%d" ` su - oracle -c "exp system/manager full=y inctype=incremental file=/oracle/export/db_incr$rq.dmp" root用户crontab文件 /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root增加以下内容 0 2 1 * * /oracle/exp_comp.sh 30 2 * * 0-5 /oracle/exp_incr.sh 45 2 * * 6 /oracle/exp_cumu.sh 当然这个时间表可以根据不同的需求来改变的,这只是一个例子。 七、ORACLE 常用的SQL语法和数据对象 一.数据控制语句 (DML) 部分 1.INSERT (往数据表里插入记录的语句) INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) VALUES ( 值1, 值2, ……); INSERT INTO 表名(字段名1, 字段名2, ……) SELECT (字段名1, 字段名2, ……) FROM 另外的表名; 字符串类型的字段值必须用单引号括起来, 例如: ’GOOD DAY’ 如果字段值里包含单引号’ 需要进行字符串转换, 我们把它替换成两个单引号''. 字符串类型的字段值超过定义的长度会出错, 最好在插入前进行长度校验. 日期字段的字段值可以用当前数据库的系统时间SYSDATE, 精确到秒 或者用字符串转换成日期型函数TO_DATE(‘2001-08-01’,’YYYY-MM-DD’) TO_DATE()还有很多种日期格式, 可以参看ORACLE DOC. 年-月-日 小时:分钟:秒 的格式YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS INSERT时最大可操作的字符串长度小于等于4000个单字节, 如果要插入更长的字符串, 请考虑字段用CLOB类型, 方法借用ORACLE里自带的DBMS_LOB程序包. INSERT时如果要用到从1开始自动增长的序列号, 应该先建立一个序列号 CREATE SEQUENCE 序列号的名称 (最好是表名+序列号标记) INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1 MAXVALUE 99999 CYCLE NOCACHE; 其中最大的值按字段的长度来定, 如果定义的自动增长的序列号 NUMBER(6) , 最大值为999999 INSERT 语句插入这个字段值为: 序列号的名称.NEXTVAL 2.DELETE (删除数据表里记录的语句) DELETE FROM表名 WHERE 条件; 注意:删除记录并不能释放ORACLE里被占用的数据块表空间. 它只把那些被删除的数据块标成unused. 如果确实要删除一个大表里的全部记录, 可以用 TRUNCATE 命令, 它可以释放占用的数据块表空间 TRUNCATE TABLE 表名; 此操作不可回退. 3.UPDATE (修改数据表里记录的语句) UPDATE表名 SET 字段名1=值1, 字段名2=值2, …… WHERE 条件; 如果修改的值N没有赋值或定义时, 将把原来的记录内容清为NULL, 最好在修改前进行空校验; 值N超过定义的长度会出错, 最好在插入前进行长度校验.. 注意事项: A. 以上SQL语句对表都加上了行级锁, 确认完成后, 必须加上事物理结束的命令 COMMIT 才能正式生效, 否则改变不一定写入数据库里. 如果想撤回这些操作, 可以用命令 ROLLBACK 复原. B. 在运行INSERT, DELETE 和 UPDATE 语句前最好估算一下可能操作的记录范围, 应该把它限定在较小 (一万条记录) 范围内,. 否则ORACLE理这个事物用到很大的回退段. 程序响应慢甚至失去响应. 如果记录数上十万以上这些操作, 可以把这些SQL语句分段分次完成, 其间加上COMMIT 确认事物理. 二.数据定义 (DDL) 部分 1.CREATE (创建表, 索引, 视图, 同义词, 过程, 函数, 数据库链接等) ORACLE常用的字段类型有 CHAR 固定长度的字符串 VARCHAR2 可变长度的字符串 NUMBER(M,N) 数字型M是位数总长度, N是小数的长度 DATE 日期类型 创建表时要把较小的不为空的字段放在前面, 可能为空的字段放在后面 创建表时可以用中文的字段名, 但最好还是用英文的字段名 创建表时可以给字段加上默认值, 例如 DEFAULT SYSDATE 这样每次插入和修改时, 不用程序操作这个字段都能得到动作的时间 创建表时可以给字段加上约束条件 例如 不允许重复 UNIQUE, 关键字 PRIMARY KEY 2.ALTER (改变表, 索引, 视图等) 改变表的名称 ALTER TABLE 表名1 TO 表名2; 在表的后面增加一个字段 ALTER TABLE表名 ADD 字段名 字段名描述; 修改表里字段的定义描述 ALTER TABLE表名 MODIFY字段名 字段名描述; 给表里的字段加上约束条件 ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 约束名 PRIMARY KEY (字段名); ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 约束名 UNIQUE (字段名); 把表放在或取出数据库的内存区 ALTER TABLE 表名 CACHE; ALTER TABLE 表名 NOCACHE; 3.DROP (删除表, 索引, 视图, 同义词, 过程, 函数, 数据库链接等) 删除表和它所有的约束条件 DROP TABLE 表名 CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 4.TRUNCATE (清空表里的所有记录, 保留表的结构) TRUNCATE 表名; 三.查询语句 (SELECT) 部分 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 条件; 字段名可以带入函数 例如: COUNT(*), MIN(字段名), MAX(字段名), AVG(字段名), DISTINCT(字段名), TO_CHAR(DATE字段名,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') NVL(EXPR1, EXPR2)函数 解释: IF EXPR1=NULL RETURN EXPR2 ELSE RETURN EXPR1 DECODE(AA﹐V1﹐R1﹐V2﹐R2....)函数 解释: IF AA=V1 THEN RETURN R1 IF AA=V2 THEN RETURN R2 ..… ELSE RETURN NULL LPAD(char1,n,char2)函数 解释: 字符char1按制定的位数n显示,不足的位数用char2字符串替换左边的空位 字段名之间可以进行算术运算 例如: (字段名1*字段名1)/3 查询语句可以嵌套 例如: SELECT …… FROM (SELECT …… FROM表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 条件) WHERE 条件2; 两个查询语句的结果可以做集合操作 例如: 并集UNION(去掉重复记录), 并集UNION ALL(不去掉重复记录), 差集MINUS, 交集INTERSECT 分组查询 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] GROUP BY字段名1 [HAVING 条件] ; 两个以上表之间的连接查询 SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名 [ AND ……] ; SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] WHERE 表名1.字段名 = 表名2. 字段名(+) [ AND ……] ; 有(+)号的字段位置自动补空值 查询结果集的排序操作, 默认的排序是升序ASC, 降序是DESC SELECT字段名1, 字段名2, …… FROM 表名1, [表名2, ……] ORDER BY字段名1, 字段名2 DESC; 字符串模糊比较的方法 INSTR(字段名, ‘字符串’)>0 字段名 LIKE ‘字符串%’ [‘%字符串%’] 每个表都有一个隐含的字段ROWID, 它标记着记录的唯一性. 四.ORACLE里常用的数据对象 (SCHEMA) 1.索引 (INDEX) CREATE INDEX 索引名ON 表名 ( 字段1, [字段2, ……] ); ALTER INDEX 索引名 REBUILD; 一个表的索引最好不要超过三个 (特殊的大表除外), 最好用单字段索引, 结合SQL语句的分析执行情况, 也可以建立多字段的组合索引和基于函数的索引 ORACLE8.1.7字符串可以索引的最大长度为1578 单字节 ORACLE8.0.6字符串可以索引的最大长度为758 单字节 2.视图 (VIEW) CREATE VIEW 视图名AS SELECT …. FROM …..; ALTER VIEW视图名 COMPILE; 视图仅是一个SQL查询语句, 它可以把表之间复杂的关系简洁化. 3.同义词 (SYNONMY) CREATE SYNONYM同义词名FOR 表名; CREATE SYNONYM同义词名FOR 表名@数据库链接名; 4.数据库链接 (DATABASE LINK) CREATE DATABASE LINK数据库链接名CONNECT TO 用户名 IDENTIFIED BY 密码 USING ‘数据库连接字符串’; 数据库连接字符串可以用NET8 EASY CONFIG或者直接修改TNSNAMES.ORA里定义. 数据库参数global_name=true时要求数据库链接名称跟远端数据库名称一样 数据库全局名称可以用以下命令查出 SELECT * FROM GLOBAL_NAME; 查询远端数据库里的表 SELECT …… FROM 表名@数据库链接名; 五.权限管理 (DCL) 语句 1.GRANT 赋于权限 常用的系统权限集合有以下三个: CONNECT(基本的连接), RESOURCE(程序开发), DBA(数据库管理) 常用的数据对象权限有以下五个: ALL ON 数据对象名, SELECT ON 数据对象名, UPDATE ON 数据对象名, DELETE ON 数据对象名, INSERT ON 数据对象名, ALTER ON 数据对象名 GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO 用户名; GRANT SELECT ON 表名 TO 用户名; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 TO 用户名1, 用户名2; 2.REVOKE 回收权限 REVOKE CONNECT, RESOURCE FROM 用户名; REVOKE SELECT ON 表名 FROM 用户名; REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON表名 FROM 用户名1, 用户名2; 查询数据库中第63号错误: select orgaddr,destaddr from sm_histable0116 where error_code='63'; 查询数据库中开户用户最大提交和最大下发数: select MSISDN,TCOS,OCOS from ms_usertable; 查询数据库中各种错误代码的总和: select error_code,count(*) from sm_histable0513 group by error_code order by error_code; 查询报表数据库中话单统计种类查询。 select sum(Successcount) from tbl_MiddleMt0411 where ServiceType2=111 select sum(successcount),servicetype from tbl_middlemt0411 group by servicetype 原文地址:http://www.cnoug.org/viewthread.php?tid=60293 //创建一个控制文件命令到跟踪文件 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //增加一个新的日志文件组的语句 connect internal as sysdba alter database add logfile group 4 (’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’, ’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M; alter database add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’ to group 4; //在Server Manager上MOUNT并打开一个数据库: connect internal as sysdba startup mount ORA1 exclusive; alter database open; //生成数据字典 @catalog @catproc //在init.ora 中备份数据库的位置 log_archive_dest_1 = ’/db00/arch’ log_archive_dest_state_1 = enable log_archive_dest_2 = "service=stby.world mandatory reopen=60" log_archive_dest_state_2 = enable //对用户的表空间的指定和管理相关的语句 create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user USERNAME default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user SYSTEM quota 0 on SYSTEM; alter user SYSTEM quota 50M on TOOLS; create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace DATA temporary tablespace TEMP; alter user USERNAME temporary tablespace TEMP; //重新指定一个数据文件的大小 : alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 200M; //创建一个自动扩展的数据文件: create tablespace DATA datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ size 200M autoextend ON next 10M maxsize 250M; //在表空间上增加一个自动扩展的数据文件: alter tablespace DATA add datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data02.dbf’ size 50M autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //修改参数: alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //在数据文件移动期间重新命名: alter database rename file ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter tablespace DATA rename datafile ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter database rename file ’/db05/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’; alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 80M; //创建和使用角色: create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; grant APPLICATION_USER to username; //回滚段的管理 create rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME tablespace RBS; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME offline; drop rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME online; //回滚段上指定事务 commit; set transaction use rollback segment ROLL_BATCH; insert into TABLE_NAME select * from DATA_LOAD_TABLE; commit; //查询回滚段的 大小和优化参数 select * from DBA_SEGMENTS where Segment_Type = ’ROLLBACK’; select N.Name, /* rollback segment name */ S.OptSize /* rollback segment OPTIMAL size */ from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S where N.USN=S.USN; //回收回滚段 alter rollback segment R1 shrink to 15M; alter rollback segment R1 shrink; //例子 set transaction use rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME alter tablespace RBS default storage (initial 125K next 125K minextents 18 maxextents 249) create rollback segment R4 tablespace RBS storage (optimal 2250K); alter rollback segment R4 online; select Sessions_Highwater from V$LICENSE; grant select on EMPLOYEE to PUBLIC; //用户和角色 create role ACCOUNT_CREATOR; grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER to ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter user THUMPER default role NONE; alter user THUMPER default role CONNECT; alter user THUMPER default role all except ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter profile DEFAULT limit idle_time 60; create profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5; create user JANE identified by EYRE profile LIMITED_PROFILE; grant CREATE SESSION to JANE; alter user JANE account unlock; alter user JANE account lock; alter profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30; alter user jane password expire; //创建操作系统用户 REM Creating OPS$ accounts create user OPS$FARMER identified by SOME_PASSWORD default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; REM Using identified externally create user OPS$FARMER identified externally default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; //执行ORAPWD ORAPWD FILE=filename PASSWORD=password ENTRIES=max_users create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; create role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.TIME_CARDS to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.DEPARTMENT to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant APPLICATION_USER to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to MCGREGOR; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to BPOTTER with admin option; //设置角色 set role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; set role NONE; //回收权利: revoke delete on EMPLOYEE from PETER; revoke all on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; //回收角色: revoke ACCOUNT_CREATOR from HELPDESK; drop user USERNAME cascade; grant SELECT on EMPLOYEE to MCGREGOR with grant option; grant SELECT on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to BPOTTER with grant option; revoke SELECT on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; create user MCGREGOR identified by VALUES ’1A2DD3CCEE354DFA’; alter user OPS$FARMER identified by VALUES ’no way’; //备份与恢复 使用 export 程序 exp system/manager file=expdat.dmp compress=Y owner=(HR,THUMPER) exp system/manager file=hr.dmp owner=HR indexes=Y compress=Y imp system/manager file=hr.dmp full=Y buffer=64000 commit=Y //备份表 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES) //备份分区 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES:Part1) //输入例子 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp buffer=64000 commit=Y exp system/manager file=thumper.dat owner=thumper grants=N indexes=Y compress=Y rows=Y imp system/manager file=thumper.dat FROMUSER=thumper TOUSER=flower rows=Y indexes=Y imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp full=Y commit=Y buffer=64000 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp ignore=N rows=N commit=Y buffer=64000 //使用操作系统备份命令 REM TAR examples tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora //离线备份的shell脚本 ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOF1 connect internal as sysdba shutdown immediate; exit EOF1 insert backup commands like the "tar" commands here svrmgrl <<EOF2 connect internal as sysdba startup EOF2 //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database archivelog; archive log start; alter database open; //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database noarchivelog; alter database open; select Name, Value from V$PARAMETER where Name like ’log_archive%’; //联机备份的脚本 # # Sample Hot Backup Script for a UNIX File System database # # Set up environment variables: ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba REM REM 备份 SYSTEM tablespace REM alter tablespace SYSTEM begin backup; !tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/sys01.dbf alter tablespace SYSTEM end backup; REM REM The SYSTEM tablespace has now been written to a REM tar saveset on the tape device /dev/rmt/0hc. The REM rest of the tars must use the "-rvf" clause to append REM to that saveset. REM REM 备份 RBS tablespace REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 备份 DATA tablespace REM For the purposes of this example, this tablespace REM will contain two files, data01.dbf and data02.dbf. REM The * wildcard will be used in the filename. REM alter tablespace DATA begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db03/oracle/CC1/data0*.dbf alter tablespace DATA end backup; REM REM 备份 INDEXES tablespace REM alter tablespace INDEXES begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db04/oracle/CC1/indexes01.dbf alter tablespace INDEXES end backup; REM REM 备份 TEMP tablespace REM alter tablespace TEMP begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db05/oracle/CC1/temp01.dbf alter tablespace TEMP end backup; REM REM Follow the same pattern to back up the rest REM of the tablespaces. REM REM REM Step 2. 备份归档日志文件. archive log stop REM REM Exit Server Manager, using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Record which files are in the destination directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Now go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Now back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # You may choose to compress them instead. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES rm -f $FILES # # Step 3. 备份控制文件到磁盘. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch3 connect internal alter database backup controlfile to ’db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck’; exit EOFarch3 # # 备份控制文件到磁带. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck # # End of hot backup script. //自动生成开始备份的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ begin backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_begin.sql / spool off //自动生成备份结束的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ end backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_end.sql / spool off //备份归档日志文件的脚本. REM See text for alternatives. # Step 1: Stop the archiving process. This will keep # additional archived redo log files from being written # to the destination directory during this process. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; REM REM Exit Server Manager using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Step 2: Record which files are in the destination # directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Step 3: Go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Step 4. Back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES # # Step 5. Delete those files from the destination directory. # rm -f $FILES # # End of archived redo log file backup script. REM 磁盘到磁盘的备份 REM REM Back up the RBS tablespace - to another disk (UNIX) REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !cp /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf /db10/oracle/CC1/backups alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 移动归档日志文件的shell脚本 # # Procedure for moving archived redo logs to another device # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; !mv /db01/oracle/arch/CC1 /db10/oracle/arch/CC1 archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # end of archived redo log directory move. //生成创建控制文件命令 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //时间点恢复的例子 connect internal as sysdba startup mount instance_name; recover database until time ’1999-08-07:14:40:00’; //创建恢复目录 rman rcvcat rman/rman@ // 在(UNIX)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace rcvcat; // 在(NT)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace "RCVCAT"; //连接描述符范例 (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) // listener.ora 的条目entry // listener.ora 的条目entry LISTENER = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=IPC) (KEY= loc.world) ) ) SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (SID_NAME = loc) (ORACLE_HOME = /orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1) ) ) // tnsnames.ora 的条目 LOC= (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = HQ) (PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = loc) (INSTANCE_NAME = loc) ) ) //连接参数的设置(sql*net) LOC =(DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (COMMUNITY=TCP.HQ.COMPANY) (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) //参数文件配置范例 // tnsnames.ora HQ =(DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) // listener.ora LISTENER = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=IPC) (KEY= loc) ) ) SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (SID_NAME = loc) (ORACLE_HOME = /orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1) ) ) // Oracle8I tnsnames.ora LOC= (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = HQ) (PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = loc) (INSTANCE_NAME = loc) ) ) //使用 COPY 实现数据库之间的复制 copy from remote_username/remote_password@service_name to username/password@service_name [append|create|insert|replace] TABLE_NAME using subquery; REM COPY example set copycommit 1 set arraysize 1000 copy from HR/PUFFINSTUFF@loc - create EMPLOYEE - using - select * from EMPLOYEE //监视器的管理 lsnrctl start lsnrctl start my_lsnr lsnrctl status lsnrctl status hq 检查监视器的进程 ps -ef | grep tnslsnr //在 lsnrctl 内停止监视器 set password lsnr_password stop //在lsnrctl 内列出所有的服务 set password lsnr_password services //启动或停止一个NT的listener net start OracleTNSListener net stop OracleTNSListener // tnsnames.ora 文件的内容 fld1 = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = server1.fld.com)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = fld1) ) ) //操作系统网络的管理 telnet host_name ping host_name /etc/hosts 文件 130.110.238.109 nmhost 130.110.238.101 txhost 130.110.238.102 azhost arizona //oratab 表项 loc:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1:Y cc1:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.1:N old:/orasw/app/oracle/product/8.1.5.0:Y //创建一个控制文件命令到跟踪文件 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //增加一个新的日志文件组的语句 connect internal as sysdba alter database add logfile group 4 (’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’, ’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M; alter database add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’ to group 4; //在Server Manager上MOUNT并打开一个数据库: connect internal as sysdba startup mount ORA1 exclusive; alter database open; //生成数据字典 @catalog @catproc //在init.ora 中备份数据库的位置 log_archive_dest_1 = ’/db00/arch’ log_archive_dest_state_1 = enable log_archive_dest_2 = "service=stby.world mandatory reopen=60" log_archive_dest_state_2 = enable //对用户的表空间的指定和管理相关的语句 create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user USERNAME default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user SYSTEM quota 0 on SYSTEM; alter user SYSTEM quota 50M on TOOLS; create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace DATA temporary tablespace TEMP; alter user USERNAME temporary tablespace TEMP; //重新指定一个数据文件的大小 : alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 200M; //创建一个自动扩展的数据文件: create tablespace DATA datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ size 200M autoextend ON next 10M maxsize 250M; //在表空间上增加一个自动扩展的数据文件: alter tablespace DATA add datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data02.dbf’ size 50M autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //修改参数: alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //在数据文件移动期间重新命名: alter database rename file ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter tablespace DATA rename datafile ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter database rename file ’/db05/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’; alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 80M; //创建和使用角色: create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; grant APPLICATION_USER to username; //回滚段的管理 create rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME tablespace RBS; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME offline; drop rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME online; //回滚段上指定事务 commit; set transaction use rollback segment ROLL_BATCH; insert into TABLE_NAME select * from DATA_LOAD_TABLE; commit; //查询回滚段的 大小和优化参数 select * from DBA_SEGMENTS where Segment_Type = ’ROLLBACK’; select N.Name, /* rollback segment name */ S.OptSize /* rollback segment OPTIMAL size */ from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S where N.USN=S.USN; //回收回滚段 alter rollback segment R1 shrink to 15M; alter rollback segment R1 shrink; //例子 set transaction use rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME alter tablespace RBS default storage (initial 125K next 125K minextents 18 maxextents 249) create rollback segment R4 tablespace RBS storage (optimal 2250K); alter rollback segment R4 online; select Sessions_Highwater from V$LICENSE; grant select on EMPLOYEE to PUBLIC; //用户和角色 create role ACCOUNT_CREATOR; grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER to ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter user THUMPER default role NONE; alter user THUMPER default role CONNECT; alter user THUMPER default role all except ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter profile DEFAULT limit idle_time 60; create profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5; create user JANE identified by EYRE profile LIMITED_PROFILE; grant CREATE SESSION to JANE; alter user JANE account unlock; alter user JANE account lock; alter profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30; alter user jane password expire; //创建操作系统用户 REM Creating OPS$ accounts create user OPS$FARMER identified by SOME_PASSWORD default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; REM Using identified externally create user OPS$FARMER identified externally default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; //执行ORAPWD ORAPWD FILE=filename PASSWORD=password ENTRIES=max_users create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; create role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.TIME_CARDS to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.DEPARTMENT to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant APPLICATION_USER to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to MCGREGOR; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to BPOTTER with admin option; //设置角色 set role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; set role NONE; //回收权利: revoke delete on EMPLOYEE from PETER; revoke all on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; //回收角色: revoke ACCOUNT_CREATOR from HELPDESK; drop user USERNAME cascade; grant SELECT on EMPLOYEE to MCGREGOR with grant option; grant SELECT on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to BPOTTER with grant option; revoke SELECT on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; create user MCGREGOR identified by VALUES ’1A2DD3CCEE354DFA’; alter user OPS$FARMER identified by VALUES ’no way’; //备份与恢复 使用 export 程序 exp system/manager file=expdat.dmp compress=Y owner=(HR,THUMPER) exp system/manager file=hr.dmp owner=HR indexes=Y compress=Y imp system/manager file=hr.dmp full=Y buffer=64000 commit=Y //备份表 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES) //备份分区 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES:Part1) //输入例子 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp buffer=64000 commit=Y exp system/manager file=thumper.dat owner=thumper grants=N indexes=Y compress=Y rows=Y imp system/manager file=thumper.dat FROMUSER=thumper TOUSER=flower rows=Y indexes=Y imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp full=Y commit=Y buffer=64000 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp ignore=N rows=N commit=Y buffer=64000 //使用操作系统备份命令 REM TAR examples tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora //离线备份的shell脚本 ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOF1 connect internal as sysdba shutdown immediate; exit EOF1 insert backup commands like the "tar" commands here svrmgrl <<EOF2 connect internal as sysdba startup EOF2 //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database archivelog; archive log start; alter database open; //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database noarchivelog; alter database open; select Name, Value from V$PARAMETER where Name like ’log_archive%’; //联机备份的脚本 # # Sample Hot Backup Script for a UNIX File System database # # Set up environment variables: ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba REM REM 备份 SYSTEM tablespace REM alter tablespace SYSTEM begin backup; !tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/sys01.dbf alter tablespace SYSTEM end backup; REM REM The SYSTEM tablespace has now been written to a REM tar saveset on the tape device /dev/rmt/0hc. The REM rest of the tars must use the "-rvf" clause to append REM to that saveset. REM REM 备份 RBS tablespace REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 备份 DATA tablespace REM For the purposes of this example, this tablespace REM will contain two files, data01.dbf and data02.dbf. REM The * wildcard will be used in the filename. REM alter tablespace DATA begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db03/oracle/CC1/data0*.dbf alter tablespace DATA end backup; REM REM 备份 INDEXES tablespace REM alter tablespace INDEXES begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db04/oracle/CC1/indexes01.dbf alter tablespace INDEXES end backup; REM REM 备份 TEMP tablespace REM alter tablespace TEMP begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db05/oracle/CC1/temp01.dbf alter tablespace TEMP end backup; REM REM Follow the same pattern to back up the rest REM of the tablespaces. REM REM REM Step 2. 备份归档日志文件. archive log stop REM REM Exit Server Manager, using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Record which files are in the destination directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Now go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Now back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # You may choose to compress them instead. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES rm -f $FILES # # Step 3. 备份控制文件到磁盘. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch3 connect internal alter database backup controlfile to ’db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck’; exit EOFarch3 # # 备份控制文件到磁带. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck # # End of hot backup script. //自动生成开始备份的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ begin backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_begin.sql / spool off //自动生成备份结束的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ end backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_end.sql / spool off //备份归档日志文件的脚本. REM See text for alternatives. # Step 1: Stop the archiving process. This will keep # additional archived redo log files from being written # to the destination directory during this process. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; REM REM Exit Server Manager using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Step 2: Record which files are in the destination # directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Step 3: Go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Step 4. Back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES # # Step 5. Delete those files from the destination directory. # rm -f $FILES # # End of archived redo log file backup script. REM 磁盘到磁盘的备份 REM REM Back up the RBS tablespace - to another disk (UNIX) REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !cp /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf /db10/oracle/CC1/backups alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 移动归档日志文件的shell脚本 # # Procedure for moving archived redo logs to another device # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; !mv /db01/oracle/arch/CC1 /db10/oracle/arch/CC1 archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # end of archived redo log directory move. //生成创建控制文件命令 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //时间点恢复的例子 connect internal as sysdba startup mount instance_name; recover database until time ’1999-08-07:14:40:00’; //创建恢复目录 rman rcvcat rman/rman@ // 在(UNIX)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace rcvcat; // 在(NT)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace "RCVCAT"; //连接描述符范例 (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) // listener.ora 的条目entry //创建一个控制文件命令到跟踪文件 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //增加一个新的日志文件组的语句 connect internal as sysdba alter database add logfile group 4 (’/db01/oracle/CC1/log_1c.dbf’, ’/db02/oracle/CC1/log_2c.dbf’) size 5M; alter database add logfile member ’/db03/oracle/CC1/log_3c.dbf’ to group 4; //在Server Manager上MOUNT并打开一个数据库: connect internal as sysdba startup mount ORA1 exclusive; alter database open; //生成数据字典 @catalog @catproc //在init.ora 中备份数据库的位置 log_archive_dest_1 = ’/db00/arch’ log_archive_dest_state_1 = enable log_archive_dest_2 = "service=stby.world mandatory reopen=60" log_archive_dest_state_2 = enable //对用户的表空间的指定和管理相关的语句 create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user USERNAME default tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME; alter user SYSTEM quota 0 on SYSTEM; alter user SYSTEM quota 50M on TOOLS; create user USERNAME identified by PASSWORD default tablespace DATA temporary tablespace TEMP; alter user USERNAME temporary tablespace TEMP; //重新指定一个数据文件的大小 : alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 200M; //创建一个自动扩展的数据文件: create tablespace DATA datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ size 200M autoextend ON next 10M maxsize 250M; //在表空间上增加一个自动扩展的数据文件: alter tablespace DATA add datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data02.dbf’ size 50M autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //修改参数: alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ autoextend ON maxsize 300M; //在数据文件移动期间重新命名: alter database rename file ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter tablespace DATA rename datafile ’/db01/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’; alter database rename file ’/db05/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’ to ’/db02/oracle/CC1/redo01CC1.dbf’; alter database datafile ’/db05/oracle/CC1/data01.dbf’ resize 80M; //创建和使用角色: create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; grant APPLICATION_USER to username; //回滚段的管理 create rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME tablespace RBS; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME offline; drop rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME; alter rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME online; //回滚段上指定事务 commit; set transaction use rollback segment ROLL_BATCH; insert into TABLE_NAME select * from DATA_LOAD_TABLE; commit; //查询回滚段的 大小和优化参数 select * from DBA_SEGMENTS where Segment_Type = ’ROLLBACK’; select N.Name, /* rollback segment name */ S.OptSize /* rollback segment OPTIMAL size */ from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S where N.USN=S.USN; //回收回滚段 alter rollback segment R1 shrink to 15M; alter rollback segment R1 shrink; //例子 set transaction use rollback segment SEGMENT_NAME alter tablespace RBS default storage (initial 125K next 125K minextents 18 maxextents 249) create rollback segment R4 tablespace RBS storage (optimal 2250K); alter rollback segment R4 online; select Sessions_Highwater from V$LICENSE; grant select on EMPLOYEE to PUBLIC; //用户和角色 create role ACCOUNT_CREATOR; grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER to ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter user THUMPER default role NONE; alter user THUMPER default role CONNECT; alter user THUMPER default role all except ACCOUNT_CREATOR; alter profile DEFAULT limit idle_time 60; create profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5; create user JANE identified by EYRE profile LIMITED_PROFILE; grant CREATE SESSION to JANE; alter user JANE account unlock; alter user JANE account lock; alter profile LIMITED_PROFILE limit PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30; alter user jane password expire; //创建操作系统用户 REM Creating OPS$ accounts create user OPS$FARMER identified by SOME_PASSWORD default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; REM Using identified externally create user OPS$FARMER identified externally default tablespace USERS temporary tablespace TEMP; //执行ORAPWD ORAPWD FILE=filename PASSWORD=password ENTRIES=max_users create role APPLICATION_USER; grant CREATE SESSION to APPLICATION_USER; create role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.TIME_CARDS to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant select, insert on THUMPER.DEPARTMENT to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant APPLICATION_USER to DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to MCGREGOR; grant DATA_ENTRY_CLERK to BPOTTER with admin option; //设置角色 set role DATA_ENTRY_CLERK; set role NONE; //回收权利: revoke delete on EMPLOYEE from PETER; revoke all on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; //回收角色: revoke ACCOUNT_CREATOR from HELPDESK; drop user USERNAME cascade; grant SELECT on EMPLOYEE to MCGREGOR with grant option; grant SELECT on THUMPER.EMPLOYEE to BPOTTER with grant option; revoke SELECT on EMPLOYEE from MCGREGOR; create user MCGREGOR identified by VALUES ’1A2DD3CCEE354DFA’; alter user OPS$FARMER identified by VALUES ’no way’; //备份与恢复 使用 export 程序 exp system/manager file=expdat.dmp compress=Y owner=(HR,THUMPER) exp system/manager file=hr.dmp owner=HR indexes=Y compress=Y imp system/manager file=hr.dmp full=Y buffer=64000 commit=Y //备份表 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES) //备份分区 exp system/manager FILE=expdat.dmp TABLES=(Thumper.SALES:Part1) //输入例子 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp buffer=64000 commit=Y exp system/manager file=thumper.dat owner=thumper grants=N indexes=Y compress=Y rows=Y imp system/manager file=thumper.dat FROMUSER=thumper TOUSER=flower rows=Y indexes=Y imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp full=Y commit=Y buffer=64000 imp system/manager file=expdat.dmp ignore=N rows=N commit=Y buffer=64000 //使用操作系统备份命令 REM TAR examples tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db0[1-9]/oracle/CC1 /orasw/app/oracle/CC1/pfile/initcc1.ora //离线备份的shell脚本 ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOF1 connect internal as sysdba shutdown immediate; exit EOF1 insert backup commands like the "tar" commands here svrmgrl <<EOF2 connect internal as sysdba startup EOF2 //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database archivelog; archive log start; alter database open; //在Server Manager上设置为archivelog mode: connect internal as sysdba startup mount cc1; alter database noarchivelog; alter database open; select Name, Value from V$PARAMETER where Name like ’log_archive%’; //联机备份的脚本 # # Sample Hot Backup Script for a UNIX File System database # # Set up environment variables: ORACLE_SID=cc1; export ORACLE_SID ORAENV_ASK=NO; export ORAENV_ASK . oraenv svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba REM REM 备份 SYSTEM tablespace REM alter tablespace SYSTEM begin backup; !tar -cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/sys01.dbf alter tablespace SYSTEM end backup; REM REM The SYSTEM tablespace has now been written to a REM tar saveset on the tape device /dev/rmt/0hc. The REM rest of the tars must use the "-rvf" clause to append REM to that saveset. REM REM 备份 RBS tablespace REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 备份 DATA tablespace REM For the purposes of this example, this tablespace REM will contain two files, data01.dbf and data02.dbf. REM The * wildcard will be used in the filename. REM alter tablespace DATA begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db03/oracle/CC1/data0*.dbf alter tablespace DATA end backup; REM REM 备份 INDEXES tablespace REM alter tablespace INDEXES begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db04/oracle/CC1/indexes01.dbf alter tablespace INDEXES end backup; REM REM 备份 TEMP tablespace REM alter tablespace TEMP begin backup; !tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db05/oracle/CC1/temp01.dbf alter tablespace TEMP end backup; REM REM Follow the same pattern to back up the rest REM of the tablespaces. REM REM REM Step 2. 备份归档日志文件. archive log stop REM REM Exit Server Manager, using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Record which files are in the destination directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Now go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Now back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # You may choose to compress them instead. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES rm -f $FILES # # Step 3. 备份控制文件到磁盘. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch3 connect internal alter database backup controlfile to ’db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck’; exit EOFarch3 # # 备份控制文件到磁带. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc /db01/oracle/CC1/CC1controlfile.bck # # End of hot backup script. //自动生成开始备份的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ begin backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_begin.sql / spool off //自动生成备份结束的脚本 set pagesize 0 feedback off select ’alter tablespace ’||Tablespace_Name||’ end backup;’ from DBA_TABLESPACES where Status ’INVALID’ spool alter_end.sql / spool off //备份归档日志文件的脚本. REM See text for alternatives. # Step 1: Stop the archiving process. This will keep # additional archived redo log files from being written # to the destination directory during this process. # svrmgrl <<EOFarch1 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; REM REM Exit Server Manager using the indicator set earlier. exit EOFarch1 # # Step 2: Record which files are in the destination # directory. # Do this by setting an environment variable that is # equal to the directory listing for the destination # directory. # For this example, the log_archive_dest is # /db01/oracle/arch/CC1. # FILES=`ls /db01/oracle/arch/CC1/arch*.dbf`; export FILES # # Step 3: Go back into Server Manager and restart the # archiving process. Set an indicator (called EOFarch2 # in this example). # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # Step 4. Back up the archived redo logs to the tape # device via the "tar" command, then delete them # from the destination device via the "rm" command. # tar -rvf /dev/rmt/0hc $FILES # # Step 5. Delete those files from the destination directory. # rm -f $FILES # # End of archived redo log file backup script. REM 磁盘到磁盘的备份 REM REM Back up the RBS tablespace - to another disk (UNIX) REM alter tablespace RBS begin backup; !cp /db02/oracle/CC1/rbs01.dbf /db10/oracle/CC1/backups alter tablespace RBS end backup; REM REM 移动归档日志文件的shell脚本 # # Procedure for moving archived redo logs to another device # svrmgrl <<EOFarch2 connect internal as sysdba archive log stop; !mv /db01/oracle/arch/CC1 /db10/oracle/arch/CC1 archive log start; exit EOFarch2 # # end of archived redo log directory move. //生成创建控制文件命令 alter database backup controlfile to trace; //时间点恢复的例子 connect internal as sysdba startup mount instance_name; recover database until time ’1999-08-07:14:40:00’; //创建恢复目录 rman rcvcat rman/rman@ // 在(UNIX)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace rcvcat; // 在(NT)下创建恢复目录 RMAN> create catalog tablespace "RCVCAT"; //连接描述符范例 (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=HQ) (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT DATA= (SID=loc))) // listener.ora 的条目entry ……………………………………………………………………………………

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