MySQL--多表查询

一、数据表准备

# 建表
create table department(
  id int,
  name varchar(20) 
);

create table employee(
  id int primary key auto_increment,
  name varchar(20),
  sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
  age int,
  dep_id int
);

# 插入数据
insert into department values
  (200,'技术'),
  (201,'人力资源'),
  (202,'销售'),
  (203,'运营');

insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
  ('nick','male',18,200),
  ('jason','female',48,201),
  ('sean','male',38,201),
  ('tank','female',28,202),
  ('oscar','male',18,200),
  ('mac','female',18,204)
  ;

select * from department;
+------+--------------+
| id | name |
+------+--------------+
| 200 | 技术 |
| 201 | 人力资源 |
| 202 | 销售 |
| 203 | 运营 |
+------+--------------+

select * from employee;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | nick | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | jason | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | sean | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | tank | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | oscar | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | mac | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+

二、多表连接查询

外链接语法

SELECT 字段列表
    FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
    ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;

2.1 交叉连接

不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积，会产生很多无用的数据，dep_id 与 部门表的 id 字段无法对应，却展示了出来

# 一次性查两张表
select * from employee,department;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
|  2 | jason      | female |   48 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
|  2 | jason      | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  2 | jason      | female |   48 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
|  2 | jason      | female |   48 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
|  3 | sean       | male   |   38 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
|  3 | sean       | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  3 | sean       | male   |   38 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
|  3 | sean       | male   |   38 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
|  4 | tank       | female |   28 |    202 |  200 | 技术         |
|  4 | tank       | female |   28 |    202 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  4 | tank       | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|  4 | tank       | female |   28 |    202 |  203 | 运营         |
|  5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
|  5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
|  6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 |  200 | 技术         |
|  6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 |  202 | 销售         |
|  6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 |  203 | 运营         |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

基于上表进行筛选匹配

select * from employee,department where employee.dep_id = department.id;
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name  | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|  1 | nick  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  2 | jason | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  3 | sean  | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  4 | tank  | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|  5 | oscar | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

2.2 内连接–inner join

找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果

特点：inner join 会将公共的部分拼接，而各自独有的则会被舍弃

select * from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name  | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|  1 | nick  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  2 | jason | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  3 | sean  | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  4 | tank  | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|  5 | oscar | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

2.3 外链接之左连接–left join

以左表为基准，展示左表所有的数据

左表–employee 有 dep_id = 204,但是右表没有对应的 id = 204的数据，因此右表展示的时候用 NULL 代替

select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name  | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|  1 | nick  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  2 | jason | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  3 | sean  | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  4 | tank  | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|  5 | oscar | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  6 | mac   | female |   18 |    204 | NULL | NULL         |
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

2.4 外链接之右连接–right join

以右表为基准，展示右表所有的数据

右表–department 有 id = 203,但是左表没有对应的 dep_id = 203的数据，因此左表展示的时候用 NULL 代替

select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
+------+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id   | name  | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+------+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|    5 | oscar | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    1 | nick  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    3 | sean  | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    2 | jason | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    4 | tank  | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
| NULL | NULL  | NULL   | NULL |   NULL |  203 | 运营         |
+------+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

2.5 全外连接

全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果

注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN

select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
;
# 查看结果
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id   | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|    1 | nick        | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    5 | oscar 			 | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    2 | jason       | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    3 | sean    		 | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    4 | tank    		 | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|    6 | mac 				 | female |   18 |    204 | NULL | NULL        |
| NULL | NULL        | NULL   | NULL |   NULL |  203 | 运营         |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

# 注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录

2.6 符合条件连接查询

# 示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id where age>25;
+-------+--------------+
| name  | name         |
+-------+--------------+
| sean  | 人力资源     |
| jason | 人力资源     |
| tank  | 销售         |
+-------+--------------+


# 示例2：以连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id order by age asc;
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name  | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|  1 | nick  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  5 | oscar | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  6 | mac   | female |   18 |    204 | NULL | NULL         |
|  4 | tank  | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|  3 | sean  | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  2 | jason | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
+----+-------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

三、子查询

将一条 SQL 语句的查询结果用 括号 括起来当做 另外一条 SQL 语句的查询条件

3.1 关键字in

# 查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select id,name from department
    where id in 
        (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);

# 查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee
    where dep_id in 
        (select id from department where name='技术');

# 查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id)
select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);

3.2 带比较运算符的子查询

# 比较运算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
# 查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp);
+---------+------+
| name    | age  |
+---------+------+
| jason    | 48   |
| sean | 38   |
+---------+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)


# 查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1
  inner join 
    (select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
    on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
  where t1.age > t2.avg_age;

3.3 关键字exists

EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时，内层查询语句不返回查询的记录，而是返回一个真假值。True或False

当返回True时，外层查询语句将进行查询；当返回值为False时，外层查询语句不进行查询。

# department表中存在dept_id=203，Ture
select * from employee
    where exists
        (select id from department where id=200);
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |
|  2 | jason       | female |   48 |    201 |
|  3 | sean    		| male   |   38 |    201 |
|  4 | tank   		 | female |   28 |    202 |
|  5 | oscar  		| male   |   18 |    200 |
|  6 | mac 				| female |   18 |    204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+

# department表中存在dept_id=205，False
select * from employee
    where exists
        (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)