局部变量是引用类型是否造成线程安全？

情形一：成员变量被多线程共享

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class ThreadUnSafeTest {

    static final int THREAD_NUMBER = 2;
    static final int LOOP_NUMBER = 200;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
		//同一个对象被多个线程共享
        final ThreadUnSafe test = new ThreadUnSafe();

        for (int i = 0; i < THREAD_NUMBER; i++) {
            new Thread(()->{
                test.method1(LOOP_NUMBER);
            },"Thread" + (i + 1)).start();
        }
    }
}

class ThreadUnSafe{

    List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();

    public void method1(int loopNumber){
        for (int i = 0; i < loopNumber; i++) {
            method2();
            method3();
        }
    }

    public void method2(){
        list.add("1");
    }

    public void method3(){
        list.remove(0);
    }
}

此代码有可能造成以下异常：

Exception in thread "Thread1" java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException: Index: 0, Size: 0
	at java.util.ArrayList.rangeCheck(ArrayList.java:657)
	at java.util.ArrayList.remove(ArrayList.java:496)
	at ThreadUnSafe.method3(ThreadUnSafeTest.java:35)
	at ThreadUnSafe.method1(ThreadUnSafeTest.java:26)
	at ThreadUnSafeTest.lambda$main$0(ThreadUnSafeTest.java:13)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)

原因：因为多个线程共享test对象中的list成员变量，同时对list进行add和remove操作造成的，List是线程不安全的类。

---

情形二：使用局部变量list

public class ThreadUnSafeTest {

    static final int THREAD_NUMBER = 2;
    static final int LOOP_NUMBER = 200;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final ThreadSafe test = new ThreadSafe();

        for (int i = 0; i < THREAD_NUMBER; i++) {
            new Thread(()->{
                test.method1(LOOP_NUMBER);
            },"Thread" + (i + 1)).start();
        }
    }
}

class ThreadSafe{

    public void method1(int loopNumber){
        //局部变量，list存在于每个线程的私有栈帧中，不会构成临界资源
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
        for (int i = 0; i < loopNumber; i++) {
            method2(list);
            method3(list);
        }
    }

    public void method2(List<String> list){
        list.add("1");
    }

    public void method3(List<String> list){
        list.remove(0);
    }
}

运行此代码将不会出现错误。

原因：虽然多个线程共享test对象，但是每个线程在栈帧中拥有自己的list对象，不构成临界区，不会发成线程不安全问题。