本文章目标：
1.了解基础理论
2.必须会写sql语句(重点是查询语句)
碎碎念： mysql下载安装最好的教程之一，想当年我大一啥也不懂，装MySQL装了一个星期还是失败，呜呜呜呜，联系了这个博客的博主，他无偿帮我远程装mysql，不得不感慨互联网行业的分享精神。
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_37350706/article/details/81707862?spm=1001.2014.3001.5502
嘿嘿，装好了mysql，我们开搞！
篇章一：理论基础
为啥有数据库，数据库是什么？
1.持久化数据到本地
2.可以实现结构化查询，方便管理
百度百科：数据库是“按照数据结构来组织、存储和管理数据的仓库”。是一个长期存储在计算机内的、有组织的、可共享的、统一管理的大量数据的集合。
我的想法：文件和excel都可以存储数据，为啥还要出现数据库，我觉得更重要的是管理，数据库是结构化的集合，对于复杂的查询，文件和excel复杂切效率低，所以我们需要数据库
相关概念：1、DB：数据库，保存一组有组织的数据的容器
2、DBMS：数据库管理系统，又称为数据库软件（产品），用于管理DB中的数据
3、SQL:结构化查询语言，用于和DBMS通信的语言，一般情况下，sql语句通用
mysql又是什么？
mysql是关系型数据库，默认端口是3306
让我们聊聊关系型数据库
关系型数据库
关系型数据库是依据关系模型来创建的数据库。
所谓关系模型就是“一对一、一对多、多对多”等关系模型，关系模型就是指二维表格模型,因而一个关系型数据库就是由二维表及其之间的联系组成的一个数据组织。
关系型数据可以很好地存储一些关系模型的数据，比如一个老师对应多个学生的数据（“多对多”），一本书对应多个作者（“一对多”），一本书对应一个出版日期（“一对一”）
关系模型包括数据结构（数据存储的问题，二维表）、操作指令集合（SQL语句）、完整性约束(表内数据约束、表与表之间的约束)。
详解：
https://www.cnblogs.com/progor/p/8729798.html
突然想起来，大一问学长，为啥有数据库可以存储数据，我们java还有集合？
二：sql语句
SQL语句分类
1.数据查询语言（DQL）最重要
数据查询语言（Data Query Language, DQL）是SQL语言中，负责进行数据查询而不会对数据本身进行修改的语句，这是最基本的SQL语句。保留字SELECT是DQL（也是所有SQL）用得最多的动词，其他DQL常用的保留字有FROM，WHERE，GROUP BY，HAVING和ORDER BY。这些DQL保留字常与其他类型的SQL语句一起使用。
2.数据操纵语言（DML）**********
数据操纵语言（Data Manipulation Language, DML）是SQL语言中，负责对数据库对象运行数据访问工作的指令集，以INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE三种指令为核心，分别代表插入、更新与删除。
3.数据定义语言（DDL）****
数据定义语言 (Data Definition Language, DDL) 是SQL语言集中，负责数据结构定义与数据库对象定义的语言，由CREATE、ALTER与DROP三个语法所组成，最早是由 Codasyl (Conference on Data Systems Languages) 数据模型开始，现在被纳入 SQL 指令中作为其中一个子集。
简而言之：DDL为：库和表的管理
4.数据控制语言（DCL）
数据控制语言 (Data Control Language) 在SQL语言中，是一种可对数据访问权进行控制的指令，它可以控制特定用户账户对数据表、查看表、预存程序、用户自定义函数等数据库对象的控制权。由 GRANT 和 REVOKE 两个指令组成。DCL以控制用户的访问权限为主，GRANT为授权语句，对应的REVOKE是撤销授权语句。
5.事务处理语言（TPL）
它的语句能确保被DML语句影响的表的所有行及时得以更新。TPL语句包括BEGIN TRANSACTION，COMMIT和ROLLBACK。
Let’s go!
1.数据查询语言（DQL）最重要
测试数据
CREATE DATABASE myemployees;
USE myemployees;
SET NAMES utf8mb4;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `departments`;
CREATE TABLE `departments` (
`department_id` int(4) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`department_name` varchar(3) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`manager_id` int(6) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`location_id` int(4) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`department_id`) USING BTREE,
INDEX `loc_id_fk`(`location_id`) USING BTREE,
CONSTRAINT `loc_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`location_id`) REFERENCES `locations` (`location_id`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT
) ENGINE = InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT = 271 CHARACTER SET = gb2312 COLLATE = gb2312_chinese_ci ROW_FORMAT = Compact;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of departments
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (10, 'Adm', 200, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (20, 'Mar', 201, 1800);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (30, 'Pur', 114, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (40, 'Hum', 203, 2400);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (50, 'Shi', 121, 1500);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (60, 'IT', 103, 1400);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (70, 'Pub', 204, 2700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (80, 'Sal', 145, 2500);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (90, 'Exe', 100, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (100, 'Fin', 108, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (110, 'Acc', 205, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (120, 'Tre', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (130, 'Cor', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (140, 'Con', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (150, 'Sha', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (160, 'Ben', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (170, 'Man', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (180, 'Con', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (190, 'Con', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (200, 'Ope', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (210, 'IT ', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (220, 'NOC', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (230, 'IT ', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (240, 'Gov', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (250, 'Ret', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (260, 'Rec', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (270, 'Pay', NULL, 1700);
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for employees
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `employees`;
CREATE TABLE `employees` (
`employee_id` int(6) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`first_name` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`last_name` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`email` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`phone_number` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`job_id` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`salary` double(10, 2) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`commission_pct` double(4, 2) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`manager_id` int(6) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`department_id` int(4) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`hiredate` datetime NULL DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`employee_id`) USING BTREE,
INDEX `dept_id_fk`(`department_id`) USING BTREE,
INDEX `job_id_fk`(`job_id`) USING BTREE,
CONSTRAINT `dept_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`department_id`) REFERENCES `departments` (`department_id`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT,
CONSTRAINT `job_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`job_id`) REFERENCES `jobs` (`job_id`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT
) ENGINE = InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT = 207 CHARACTER SET = gb2312 COLLATE = gb2312_chinese_ci ROW_FORMAT = Compact;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of employees
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (100, 'Steven', 'K_ing', 'SKING', '515.123.4567', 'AD_PRES', 24000.00, NULL, NULL, 90, '1992-04-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (101, 'Neena', 'Kochhar', 'NKOCHHAR', '515.123.4568', 'AD_VP', 17000.00, NULL, 100, 90, '1992-04-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (102, 'Lex', 'De Haan', 'LDEHAAN', '515.123.4569', 'AD_VP', 17000.00, NULL, 100, 90, '1992-04-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (103, 'Alexander', 'Hunold', 'AHUNOLD', '590.423.4567', 'IT_PROG', 9000.00, NULL, 102, 60, '1992-04-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (104, 'Bruce', 'Ernst', 'BERNST', '590.423.4568', 'IT_PROG', 6000.00, NULL, 103, 60, '1992-04-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (105, 'David', 'Austin', 'DAUSTIN', '590.423.4569', 'IT_PROG', 4800.00, NULL, 103, 60, '1998-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (106, 'Valli', 'Pataballa', 'VPATABAL', '590.423.4560', 'IT_PROG', 4800.00, NULL, 103, 60, '1998-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (107, 'Diana', 'Lorentz', 'DLORENTZ', '590.423.5567', 'IT_PROG', 4200.00, NULL, 103, 60, '1998-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (108, 'Nancy', 'Greenberg', 'NGREENBE', '515.124.4569', 'FI_MGR', 12000.00, NULL, 101, 100, '1998-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (109, 'Daniel', 'Faviet', 'DFAVIET', '515.124.4169', 'FI_ACCOUNT', 9000.00, NULL, 108, 100, '1998-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (110, 'John', 'Chen', 'JCHEN', '515.124.4269', 'FI_ACCOUNT', 8200.00, NULL, 108, 100, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (111, 'Ismael', 'Sciarra', 'ISCIARRA', '515.124.4369', 'FI_ACCOUNT', 7700.00, NULL, 108, 100, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (112, 'Jose Manuel', 'Urman', 'JMURMAN', '515.124.4469', 'FI_ACCOUNT', 7800.00, NULL, 108, 100, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (113, 'Luis', 'Popp', 'LPOPP', '515.124.4567', 'FI_ACCOUNT', 6900.00, NULL, 108, 100, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (114, 'Den', 'Raphaely', 'DRAPHEAL', '515.127.4561', 'PU_MAN', 11000.00, NULL, 100, 30, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (115, 'Alexander', 'Khoo', 'AKHOO', '515.127.4562', 'PU_CLERK', 3100.00, NULL, 114, 30, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (116, 'Shelli', 'Baida', 'SBAIDA', '515.127.4563', 'PU_CLERK', 2900.00, NULL, 114, 30, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (117, 'Sigal', 'Tobias', 'STOBIAS', '515.127.4564', 'PU_CLERK', 2800.00, NULL, 114, 30, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (118, 'Guy', 'Himuro', 'GHIMURO', '515.127.4565', 'PU_CLERK', 2600.00, NULL, 114, 30, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (119, 'Karen', 'Colmenares', 'KCOLMENA', '515.127.4566', 'PU_CLERK', 2500.00, NULL, 114, 30, '2000-09-09 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (120, 'Matthew', 'Weiss', 'MWEISS', '650.123.1234', 'ST_MAN', 8000.00, NULL, 100, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (121, 'Adam', 'Fripp', 'AFRIPP', '650.123.2234', 'ST_MAN', 8200.00, NULL, 100, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (122, 'Payam', 'Kaufling', 'PKAUFLIN', '650.123.3234', 'ST_MAN', 7900.00, NULL, 100, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (123, 'Shanta', 'Vollman', 'SVOLLMAN', '650.123.4234', 'ST_MAN', 6500.00, NULL, 100, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (124, 'Kevin', 'Mourgos', 'KMOURGOS', '650.123.5234', 'ST_MAN', 5800.00, NULL, 100, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (125, 'Julia', 'Nayer', 'JNAYER', '650.124.1214', 'ST_CLERK', 3200.00, NULL, 120, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (126, 'Irene', 'Mikkilineni', 'IMIKKILI', '650.124.1224', 'ST_CLERK', 2700.00, NULL, 120, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (127, 'James', 'Landry', 'JLANDRY', '650.124.1334', 'ST_CLERK', 2400.00, NULL, 120, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (128, 'Steven', 'Markle', 'SMARKLE', '650.124.1434', 'ST_CLERK', 2200.00, NULL, 120, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (129, 'Laura', 'Bissot', 'LBISSOT', '650.124.5234', 'ST_CLERK', 3300.00, NULL, 121, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (130, 'Mozhe', 'Atkinson', 'MATKINSO', '650.124.6234', 'ST_CLERK', 2800.00, NULL, 121, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (131, 'James', 'Marlow', 'JAMRLOW', '650.124.7234', 'ST_CLERK', 2500.00, NULL, 121, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (132, 'TJ', 'Olson', 'TJOLSON', '650.124.8234', 'ST_CLERK', 2100.00, NULL, 121, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (133, 'Jason', 'Mallin', 'JMALLIN', '650.127.1934', 'ST_CLERK', 3300.00, NULL, 122, 50, '2004-02-06 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (134, 'Michael', 'Rogers', 'MROGERS', '650.127.1834', 'ST_CLERK', 2900.00, NULL, 122, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (135, 'Ki', 'Gee', 'KGEE', '650.127.1734', 'ST_CLERK', 2400.00, NULL, 122, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (136, 'Hazel', 'Philtanker', 'HPHILTAN', '650.127.1634', 'ST_CLERK', 2200.00, NULL, 122, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (137, 'Renske', 'Ladwig', 'RLADWIG', '650.121.1234', 'ST_CLERK', 3600.00, NULL, 123, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (138, 'Stephen', 'Stiles', 'SSTILES', '650.121.2034', 'ST_CLERK', 3200.00, NULL, 123, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (139, 'John', 'Seo', 'JSEO', '650.121.2019', 'ST_CLERK', 2700.00, NULL, 123, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (140, 'Joshua', 'Patel', 'JPATEL', '650.121.1834', 'ST_CLERK', 2500.00, NULL, 123, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (141, 'Trenna', 'Rajs', 'TRAJS', '650.121.8009', 'ST_CLERK', 3500.00, NULL, 124, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (142, 'Curtis', 'Davies', 'CDAVIES', '650.121.2994', 'ST_CLERK', 3100.00, NULL, 124, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (143, 'Randall', 'Matos', 'RMATOS', '650.121.2874', 'ST_CLERK', 2600.00, NULL, 124, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (144, 'Peter', 'Vargas', 'PVARGAS', '650.121.2004', 'ST_CLERK', 2500.00, NULL, 124, 50, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (145, 'John', 'Russell', 'JRUSSEL', '011.44.1344.429268', 'SA_MAN', 14000.00, 0.40, 100, 80, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (146, 'Karen', 'Partners', 'KPARTNER', '011.44.1344.467268', 'SA_MAN', 13500.00, 0.30, 100, 80, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (147, 'Alberto', 'Errazuriz', 'AERRAZUR', '011.44.1344.429278', 'SA_MAN', 12000.00, 0.30, 100, 80, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (148, 'Gerald', 'Cambrault', 'GCAMBRAU', '011.44.1344.619268', 'SA_MAN', 11000.00, 0.30, 100, 80, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (149, 'Eleni', 'Zlotkey', 'EZLOTKEY', '011.44.1344.429018', 'SA_MAN', 10500.00, 0.20, 100, 80, '2002-12-23 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (150, 'Peter', 'Tucker', 'PTUCKER', '011.44.1344.129268', 'SA_REP', 10000.00, 0.30, 145, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (151, 'David', 'Bernstein', 'DBERNSTE', '011.44.1344.345268', 'SA_REP', 9500.00, 0.25, 145, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (152, 'Peter', 'Hall', 'PHALL', '011.44.1344.478968', 'SA_REP', 9000.00, 0.25, 145, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (153, 'Christopher', 'Olsen', 'COLSEN', '011.44.1344.498718', 'SA_REP', 8000.00, 0.20, 145, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (154, 'Nanette', 'Cambrault', 'NCAMBRAU', '011.44.1344.987668', 'SA_REP', 7500.00, 0.20, 145, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (155, 'Oliver', 'Tuvault', 'OTUVAULT', '011.44.1344.486508', 'SA_REP', 7000.00, 0.15, 145, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (156, 'Janette', 'K_ing', 'JKING', '011.44.1345.429268', 'SA_REP', 10000.00, 0.35, 146, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (157, 'Patrick', 'Sully', 'PSULLY', '011.44.1345.929268', 'SA_REP', 9500.00, 0.35, 146, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (158, 'Allan', 'McEwen', 'AMCEWEN', '011.44.1345.829268', 'SA_REP', 9000.00, 0.35, 146, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (159, 'Lindsey', 'Smith', 'LSMITH', '011.44.1345.729268', 'SA_REP', 8000.00, 0.30, 146, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (160, 'Louise', 'Doran', 'LDORAN', '011.44.1345.629268', 'SA_REP', 7500.00, 0.30, 146, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (161, 'Sarath', 'Sewall', 'SSEWALL', '011.44.1345.529268', 'SA_REP', 7000.00, 0.25, 146, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (162, 'Clara', 'Vishney', 'CVISHNEY', '011.44.1346.129268', 'SA_REP', 10500.00, 0.25, 147, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (163, 'Danielle', 'Greene', 'DGREENE', '011.44.1346.229268', 'SA_REP', 9500.00, 0.15, 147, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (164, 'Mattea', 'Marvins', 'MMARVINS', '011.44.1346.329268', 'SA_REP', 7200.00, 0.10, 147, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (165, 'David', 'Lee', 'DLEE', '011.44.1346.529268', 'SA_REP', 6800.00, 0.10, 147, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (166, 'Sundar', 'Ande', 'SANDE', '011.44.1346.629268', 'SA_REP', 6400.00, 0.10, 147, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (167, 'Amit', 'Banda', 'ABANDA', '011.44.1346.729268', 'SA_REP', 6200.00, 0.10, 147, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (168, 'Lisa', 'Ozer', 'LOZER', '011.44.1343.929268', 'SA_REP', 11500.00, 0.25, 148, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (169, 'Harrison', 'Bloom', 'HBLOOM', '011.44.1343.829268', 'SA_REP', 10000.00, 0.20, 148, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (170, 'Tayler', 'Fox', 'TFOX', '011.44.1343.729268', 'SA_REP', 9600.00, 0.20, 148, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (171, 'William', 'Smith', 'WSMITH', '011.44.1343.629268', 'SA_REP', 7400.00, 0.15, 148, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (172, 'Elizabeth', 'Bates', 'EBATES', '011.44.1343.529268', 'SA_REP', 7300.00, 0.15, 148, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (173, 'Sundita', 'Kumar', 'SKUMAR', '011.44.1343.329268', 'SA_REP', 6100.00, 0.10, 148, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (174, 'Ellen', 'Abel', 'EABEL', '011.44.1644.429267', 'SA_REP', 11000.00, 0.30, 149, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (175, 'Alyssa', 'Hutton', 'AHUTTON', '011.44.1644.429266', 'SA_REP', 8800.00, 0.25, 149, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (176, 'Jonathon', 'Taylor', 'JTAYLOR', '011.44.1644.429265', 'SA_REP', 8600.00, 0.20, 149, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (177, 'Jack', 'Livingston', 'JLIVINGS', '011.44.1644.429264', 'SA_REP', 8400.00, 0.20, 149, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (178, 'Kimberely', 'Grant', 'KGRANT', '011.44.1644.429263', 'SA_REP', 7000.00, 0.15, 149, NULL, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (179, 'Charles', 'Johnson', 'CJOHNSON', '011.44.1644.429262', 'SA_REP', 6200.00, 0.10, 149, 80, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (180, 'Winston', 'Taylor', 'WTAYLOR', '650.507.9876', 'SH_CLERK', 3200.00, NULL, 120, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (181, 'Jean', 'Fleaur', 'JFLEAUR', '650.507.9877', 'SH_CLERK', 3100.00, NULL, 120, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (182, 'Martha', 'Sullivan', 'MSULLIVA', '650.507.9878', 'SH_CLERK', 2500.00, NULL, 120, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (183, 'Girard', 'Geoni', 'GGEONI', '650.507.9879', 'SH_CLERK', 2800.00, NULL, 120, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (184, 'Nandita', 'Sarchand', 'NSARCHAN', '650.509.1876', 'SH_CLERK', 4200.00, NULL, 121, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (185, 'Alexis', 'Bull', 'ABULL', '650.509.2876', 'SH_CLERK', 4100.00, NULL, 121, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (186, 'Julia', 'Dellinger', 'JDELLING', '650.509.3876', 'SH_CLERK', 3400.00, NULL, 121, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (187, 'Anthony', 'Cabrio', 'ACABRIO', '650.509.4876', 'SH_CLERK', 3000.00, NULL, 121, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (188, 'Kelly', 'Chung', 'KCHUNG', '650.505.1876', 'SH_CLERK', 3800.00, NULL, 122, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (189, 'Jennifer', 'Dilly', 'JDILLY', '650.505.2876', 'SH_CLERK', 3600.00, NULL, 122, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (190, 'Timothy', 'Gates', 'TGATES', '650.505.3876', 'SH_CLERK', 2900.00, NULL, 122, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (191, 'Randall', 'Perkins', 'RPERKINS', '650.505.4876', 'SH_CLERK', 2500.00, NULL, 122, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (192, 'Sarah', 'Bell', 'SBELL', '650.501.1876', 'SH_CLERK', 4000.00, NULL, 123, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (193, 'Britney', 'Everett', 'BEVERETT', '650.501.2876', 'SH_CLERK', 3900.00, NULL, 123, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (194, 'Samuel', 'McCain', 'SMCCAIN', '650.501.3876', 'SH_CLERK', 3200.00, NULL, 123, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (195, 'Vance', 'Jones', 'VJONES', '650.501.4876', 'SH_CLERK', 2800.00, NULL, 123, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (196, 'Alana', 'Walsh', 'AWALSH', '650.507.9811', 'SH_CLERK', 3100.00, NULL, 124, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (197, 'Kevin', 'Feeney', 'KFEENEY', '650.507.9822', 'SH_CLERK', 3000.00, NULL, 124, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (198, 'Donald', 'OConnell', 'DOCONNEL', '650.507.9833', 'SH_CLERK', 2600.00, NULL, 124, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (199, 'Douglas', 'Grant', 'DGRANT', '650.507.9844', 'SH_CLERK', 2600.00, NULL, 124, 50, '2014-03-05 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (200, 'Jennifer', 'Whalen', 'JWHALEN', '515.123.4444', 'AD_ASST', 4400.00, NULL, 101, 10, '2016-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (201, 'Michael', 'Hartstein', 'MHARTSTE', '515.123.5555', 'MK_MAN', 13000.00, NULL, 100, 20, '2016-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (202, 'Pat', 'Fay', 'PFAY', '603.123.6666', 'MK_REP', 6000.00, NULL, 201, 20, '2016-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (203, 'Susan', 'Mavris', 'SMAVRIS', '515.123.7777', 'HR_REP', 6500.00, NULL, 101, 40, '2016-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (204, 'Hermann', 'Baer', 'HBAER', '515.123.8888', 'PR_REP', 10000.00, NULL, 101, 70, '2016-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (205, 'Shelley', 'Higgins', 'SHIGGINS', '515.123.8080', 'AC_MGR', 12000.00, NULL, 101, 110, '2016-03-03 00:00:00');
INSERT INTO `employees` VALUES (206, 'William', 'Gietz', 'WGIETZ', '515.123.8181', 'AC_ACCOUNT', 8300.00, NULL, 205, 110, '2016-03-03 00:00:00');
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for job_grades
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `job_grades`;
CREATE TABLE `job_grades` (
`grade_level` varchar(3) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`lowest_sal` int(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`highest_sal` int(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE = InnoDB CHARACTER SET = utf8 COLLATE = utf8_general_ci ROW_FORMAT = Compact;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of job_grades
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `job_grades` VALUES ('A', 1000, 2999);
INSERT INTO `job_grades` VALUES ('B', 3000, 5999);
INSERT INTO `job_grades` VALUES ('C', 6000, 9999);
INSERT INTO `job_grades` VALUES ('D', 10000, 14999);
INSERT INTO `job_grades` VALUES ('E', 15000, 24999);
INSERT INTO `job_grades` VALUES ('F', 25000, 40000);
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for jobs
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `jobs`;
CREATE TABLE `jobs` (
`job_id` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NOT NULL,
`job_title` varchar(35) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`min_salary` int(6) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`max_salary` int(6) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`job_id`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE = InnoDB CHARACTER SET = gb2312 COLLATE = gb2312_chinese_ci ROW_FORMAT = Compact;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of jobs
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('AC_ACCOUNT', 'Public Accountant', 4200, 9000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('AC_MGR', 'Accounting Manager', 8200, 16000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('AD_ASST', 'Administration Assistant', 3000, 6000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('AD_PRES', 'President', 20000, 40000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('AD_VP', 'Administration Vice President', 15000, 30000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('FI_ACCOUNT', 'Accountant', 4200, 9000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('FI_MGR', 'Finance Manager', 8200, 16000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('HR_REP', 'Human Resources Representative', 4000, 9000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('IT_PROG', 'Programmer', 4000, 10000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('MK_MAN', 'Marketing Manager', 9000, 15000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('MK_REP', 'Marketing Representative', 4000, 9000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('PR_REP', 'Public Relations Representative', 4500, 10500);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('PU_CLERK', 'Purchasing Clerk', 2500, 5500);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('PU_MAN', 'Purchasing Manager', 8000, 15000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('SA_MAN', 'Sales Manager', 10000, 20000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('SA_REP', 'Sales Representative', 6000, 12000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('SH_CLERK', 'Shipping Clerk', 2500, 5500);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('ST_CLERK', 'Stock Clerk', 2000, 5000);
INSERT INTO `jobs` VALUES ('ST_MAN', 'Stock Manager', 5500, 8500);
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for locations
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `locations`;
CREATE TABLE `locations` (
`location_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`street_address` varchar(40) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`postal_code` varchar(12) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`city` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`state_province` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`country_id` varchar(2) CHARACTER SET gb2312 COLLATE gb2312_chinese_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`location_id`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE = InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT = 3201 CHARACTER SET = gb2312 COLLATE = gb2312_chinese_ci ROW_FORMAT = Compact;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of locations
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1000, '1297 Via Cola di Rie', '00989', 'Roma', NULL, 'IT');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1100, '93091 Calle della Testa', '10934', 'Venice', NULL, 'IT');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1200, '2017 Shinjuku-ku', '1689', 'Tokyo', 'Tokyo Prefecture', 'JP');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1300, '9450 Kamiya-cho', '6823', 'Hiroshima', NULL, 'JP');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1400, '2014 Jabberwocky Rd', '26192', 'Southlake', 'Texas', 'US');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1500, '2011 Interiors Blvd', '99236', 'South San Francisco', 'California', 'US');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1600, '2007 Zagora St', '50090', 'South Brunswick', 'New Jersey', 'US');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1700, '2004 Charade Rd', '98199', 'Seattle', 'Washington', 'US');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1800, '147 Spadina Ave', 'M5V 2L7', 'Toronto', 'Ontario', 'CA');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (1900, '6092 Boxwood St', 'YSW 9T2', 'Whitehorse', 'Yukon', 'CA');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2000, '40-5-12 Laogianggen', '190518', 'Beijing', NULL, 'CN');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2100, '1298 Vileparle (E)', '490231', 'Bombay', 'Maharashtra', 'IN');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2200, '12-98 Victoria Street', '2901', 'Sydney', 'New South Wales', 'AU');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2300, '198 Clementi North', '540198', 'Singapore', NULL, 'SG');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2400, '8204 Arthur St', NULL, 'London', NULL, 'UK');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2500, 'Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park', 'OX9 9ZB', 'Oxford', 'Oxford', 'UK');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2600, '9702 Chester Road', '09629850293', 'Stretford', 'Manchester', 'UK');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2700, 'Schwanthalerstr. 7031', '80925', 'Munich', 'Bavaria', 'DE');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2800, 'Rua Frei Caneca 1360 ', '01307-002', 'Sao Paulo', 'Sao Paulo', 'BR');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (2900, '20 Rue des Corps-Saints', '1730', 'Geneva', 'Geneve', 'CH');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (3000, 'Murtenstrasse 921', '3095', 'Bern', 'BE', 'CH');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (3100, 'Pieter Breughelstraat 837', '3029SK', 'Utrecht', 'Utrecht', 'NL');
INSERT INTO `locations` VALUES (3200, 'Mariano Escobedo 9991', '11932', 'Mexico City', 'Distrito Federal,', 'MX');
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;
1.1基础查询
语法：select 查询列表 from 表名;
SELECT last_name FROM employees;
SELECT * FROM employees ;
1.起别名
/*
①便于理解
②如果要查询的字段有重名的情况，使用别名可以区分开来
*/
方式一：使用as
SELECT 原字段 AS 结果;
SELECT last_name AS 姓,first_name AS 名 FROM employees;
方式二：使用空格
SELECT last_name 姓,first_name 名 FROM employees;
案例：查询salary，显示结果为 out put
SELECT salary AS "out put" FROM employees;
8.去重 DISTINCT
案例：查询员工表中涉及到的所有的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;
9.+号的作用，mysql中的+号：
仅仅只有一个功能：运算符
/*
java中的+号：
①运算符，两个操作数都为数值型
②连接符，只要有一个操作数为字符串
select 100+90; 两个操作数都为数值型，则做加法运算
select '123'+90;只要其中一方为字符型，试图将字符型数值转换成数值型
如果转换成功，则继续做加法运算
select 'john'+90; 如果转换失败，则将字符型数值转换成0
select null+10; 只要其中一方为null，则结果肯定为null
*/
#案例：查询员工名和姓连接成一个字段，并显示为 姓名
所以连接要用concat()函数
SELECT CONCAT('a','b','c') AS 结果;
SELECT
CONCAT(last_name," ",first_name) AS 姓名
FROM
employees;
1.2条件查询
条件查询：根据条件过滤原始表的数据，查询到想要的数据
语法：
select
要查询的字段|表达式|常量值|函数 (即查询列表)
from
表
where
条件 ;
WHERE 子句可用的操作符
分类：
案例：
一、按条件表达式筛选
#案例1：查询工资>12000的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary>12000;
#二、按逻辑表达式筛选
#案例1：查询工资z在10000到20000之间的员工名、工资以及奖金
SELECT
last_name,
salary,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary>=10000 AND salary<=20000;
#案例2：查询部门编号不是在90到110之间，或者工资高于15000的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
NOT(department_id>=90 AND department_id<=110) OR salary>15000;
#三、模糊查询
#案例1：查询员工名中包含字符a的员工信息
select
*
from
employees
where
last_name like '%a%';#abc
#案例2：查询员工名中第三个字符为e，第五个字符为a的员工名和工资
select
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE '__n_l%';
#2.between and
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
employee_id BETWEEN 120 AND 100;
#3.in
#案例：查询员工的工种编号是 IT_PROG、AD_VP、AD_PRES中的一个员工名和工种编号
SELECT
last_name,
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
job_id IN( 'IT_PROT' ,'AD_VP','AD_PRES');
#4、is null
#案例1：查询没有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
commission_pct IS NULL;
1.3 常见函数
概念：类似于java的方法，将一组逻辑语句封装在方法体中，对外暴露方法名
语法：select 函数名(实参列表) 【from 表】;
特点：
①叫什么（函数名）
②干什么（函数功能）
分类：
一、单行函数
1、字符函数
concat拼接
substr截取子串
upper转换成大写
lower转换成小写
trim去前后指定的空格和字符
ltrim去左边空格
rtrim去右边空格
replace替换
lpad左填充
rpad右填充
instr返回子串第一次出现的索引
length 获取字节个数
2、数学函数
round 四舍五入
rand 随机数
floor向下取整
ceil向上取整
mod取余
truncate截断
3、日期函数
now当前系统日期+时间
curdate当前系统日期
curtime当前系统时间
str_to_date 将字符转换成日期
date_format将日期转换成字符
4、流程控制函数
if 处理双分支
case语句 处理多分支
情况1：处理等值判断
情况2：处理条件判断
5、其他函数
version版本
database当前库
user当前连接用户
二、分组函数，可与下小节分组查询结合使用
sum 求和
max 最大值
min 最小值
avg 平均值
count 计数
特点：
1、以上五个分组函数都忽略null值，除了count(*)
2、sum和avg一般用于处理数值型
max、min、count可以处理任何数据类型
3、都可以搭配distinct使用，用于统计去重后的结果
4、count的参数可以支持：
字段、*、常量值，一般放1
建议使用 count(*)
案例：
SELECT CONCAT(last_name,'_',first_name) 姓名 FROM employees;
SELECT ROUND(-1.55);
SELECT NOW();
SELECT last_name,commission_pct,IF(commission_pct IS NULL,'没奖金，呵呵','有奖金，嘻嘻') 备注
FROM employees;
1.4 分组查询（group by）与排序查询（order by）
分组查询：把具有相同的数据值的行放在同一组中。
语法
select 查询列表
from 表
【where 筛选条件】
group by 分组的字段
【HAVING 筛选条件】
【order by 排序的字段】;
特点：和分组函数一同查询的字段必须是group by后出现的字段
排序查询
语法：
select 查询列表
from 表名
【where 筛选条件】
order by 排序的字段或表达式;
特点：
1、asc代表的是升序，可以省略
desc代表的是降序
2、order by子句可以支持 单个字段、别名、表达式、函数、多个字段
3、order by子句在查询语句的最后面，除了limit子句
案例：
group by 的案例
1.简单的分组
#案例1：查询每个工种的员工平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
#2、可以实现分组前的筛选(where)
#案例1：查询邮箱中包含a字符的 每个部门的最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary),department_id
FROM employees
WHERE email LIKE '%a%'
GROUP BY department_id;
#3、分组后筛选(having)
#案例：查询哪个部门的员工个数>5
SELECT COUNT(*),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING COUNT(*)>5;
#案例2：每个工种有奖金的员工的最高工资>12000的工种编号和最高工资(where和having)
SELECT job_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>12000;
#4.添加排序(order by)
#案例：每个工种有奖金的员工的最高工资>6000的工种编号和最高工资,按最高工资升序
SELECT job_id,MAX(salary) m
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING m>6000
ORDER BY m ;
#5.按多个字段分组
#案例：查询每个工种每个部门的最低工资,并按最低工资降序
SELECT MIN(salary),job_id,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id,job_id
ORDER BY MIN(salary) DESC;
order by的简单案例
#1、按单个字段排序
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;
#2、添加筛选条件再排序
#案例：查询部门编号>=90的员工信息，并按员工编号降序
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department_id>=90
ORDER BY employee_id DESC;
#3、按表达式排序
#案例：查询员工信息 按年薪降序
SELECT *,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) DESC;
#4、按别名排序
#案例：查询员工信息 按年薪升序
SELECT *,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
ORDER BY 年薪 ASC;
#5、按函数排序
#案例：查询员工名，并且按名字的长度降序
SELECT LENGTH(last_name),last_name
FROM employees
ORDER BY LENGTH(last_name) DESC;
#6、按多个字段排序
#案例：查询员工信息，要求先按工资降序，再按employee_id升序
SELECT *
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC,employee_id ASC;
1.5分页查询（limit）
应用场景：当要显示的数据，一页显示不全，需要分页提交sql请求
语法：
select 查询列表
from 表
【join type join 表2
on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组字段
having 分组后的筛选
order by 排序的字段】
limit 【offset】size;
offset要显示条目的起始索引（起始索引从0开始）
size 要显示的条目个数
特点：
①limit语句放在查询语句的最后
②公式
要显示的页数 page，每页的条目数size
select 查询列表
from 表
limit (page-1)*size,size;
size=10
page
1 0
2 10
3 20
*/
#案例1：查询前五条员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 0,5;
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5;
#案例2：查询第11条——第25条
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 10,15;
#案例3：有奖金的员工信息，并且工资较高的前10名显示出来
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 10 ;
1.6连接查询（多表查询）
我的理解：内连接，外连接都是多表连接，不过，内连接是从结果表中删除与其他被连接表中没有匹配行的所有行，所以内连接可能会丢失信息。外连接保留了没有关联的那些行，左外连接就是保留左表没有关联的行。
语法：
select 字段，...
from 表1
【inner|left outer|right outer】join 表2 on 连接条件
【inner|left outer|right outer】join 表3 on 连接条件
【where 筛选条件】
【group by 分组字段】
【having 分组后的筛选条件】
【order by 排序的字段或表达式】
也可直接(下面默认内连接)
select 字段，...
from 表1,表2
where
1.6.1：内连接
内连接（百度百科）：内连接是从结果表中删除与其他被连接表中没有匹配行的所有行，所以内连接可能会丢失信息。
分类：
1.等值连接
2.非等值连接
3.自连接（连接的表是自身）
inner join可用可不用
案例：
1.等值连接：
#查询员工名和对应的部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees INNER JOIN departments
ON employees.`department_id`=departments.`department_id`;
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.`department_id`=departments.`department_id`;
2.非等值连接
#查询员工的工资和工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e,job_grades g
WHERE salary BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
AND g.`grade_level`='A';
3.自连接
#案例：查询 员工名和上级的名称
SELECT e.employee_id,e.last_name,m.employee_id,m.last_name
FROM employees e,employees m
WHERE e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`;
1.6.2：外连接
外连接：外连接保留了没有关联的那些行，左外连接就是保留左表没有关联的行。
分类
1.左外连接
2.右外连接
3.mysql不支持全连接
#查询哪个城市没有部门
SELECT city
FROM departments d
RIGHT OUTER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL;
#三、查询部门名为SAL或IT的员工信息
SELECT e.*,d.department_name,d.`department_id`
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_name` IN('SAL','IT');
1.7子查询
子查询中只能返回一个字段的数据。
可以将子查询的结果作为 WHRER ,HAVING语句的过滤条件
#返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
#查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
1.8：联合查询（union）
联合查询：使用 UNION 来组合两个查询，如果第一个查询返回 M 行，第二个查询返回 N 行，那么组合查询的结果一般为 M+N 行。
特点：
1、每个查询必须包含相同的列、表达式和聚集函数。
3、union代表去重，union all代表不去重
应用场景：
要查询的结果来自于多个表，且多个表没有直接的连接关系，但查询的信息一致时
语法：
查询语句1
union
查询语句2
union
...
案例
查询部门编号>90或邮箱包含a的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%'
UNION
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id>90;
也可：SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%' OR department_id>90;
2.数据操纵语言（DML）
插入：insert
insert into 表名(列名,...) values(值1,...);
修改：update
语法：
update 表名
set 列=新值,列=新值,...
where 筛选条件;
删除：delete
delete from 表名 where 筛选条件
记得带上where，不然会整个数据库都会被删除
3.数据定义语言（DDL）
库和表的管理
库的管理：
一、创建库
create database 库名;
使用数据库
use 库名;
二、删除库
drop database 库名;
表的管理：
1.创建表基本模板
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS `表名`(
`字段名` 列类型 [属性][索引] [注释],
`字段名` 列类型 [属性][索引] [注释],
`字段名` 列类型 [属性][索引] [注释]
)[表类型] [字符集设置] [注释];
样例：
-- 这里的[索引] 和[表类型]我们暂时不用
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `student01` (
id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '学号',
`password` VARCHAR (50) DEFAULT '123456' COMMENT '登录密码',
`name` VARCHAR (100) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
`sex` VARCHAR (2) DEFAULT '男' COMMENT '性别',
`dataOfBirth` DATETIME DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '出生日期',
`homeAddress` VARCHAR (100) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '家庭住址',
`email` VARCHAR (50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '邮件地址',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE = INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET utf8 ;
2.修改表 alter
语法：ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD|MODIFY|DROP|CHANGE COLUMN 字段名 【字段类型】;
3.删除表
DROP TABLE 表名;
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