简介
MySQL从5.0.1版本开始提供视图功能。一种虚拟存在的表,行和列的数据来自定义视图的查询中使用的表,并且是在使用视图时动态生成的, 只保存了sql逻辑,不保存查询结果。
一、应用场景
- 多个地方用到同样的查询结果
- 该查询结果使用的sql语句较复杂
二、应用实例
语法:
创建视图:create [or replace] view view_name As select_statement [with|cascaded|local|check option]
修改视图:alter view view_name As select_statement [with|cascaded|local|check option]
删除视图:drop view [if exists] view_name,view_name …[restrict|cascade]
查看视图:show create view view_name \G
2.1 创建视图
/*
语法:
create view 视图名
as
查询语句;
*/
#1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息
#①创建
CREATE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id
JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id = e.job_id;
#②使用
SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';
#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别
#①创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资
CREATE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
#②使用
SELECT myv2.`ag`,g.grade_level
FROM myv2
JOIN job_grades g
ON myv2.`ag` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
#3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;
#4.查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资
CREATE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;
SELECT d.*,m.ag
FROM myv3 m
JOIN departments d
ON m.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;
2.2 修改视图
#方式一:
/*
create or replace view 视图名
as
查询语句;
*/
SELECT * FROM myv3
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
#方式二:
/*
语法:
alter view 视图名
as
查询语句;
*/
ALTER VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM employees;
2.3 删除视图
/*
语法:drop view 视图名,视图名,...;
*/
DROP VIEW emp_v1,emp_v2,myv3;
2.4 查看视图
DESC myv3;
SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3;
2.5 更新视图
更改视图数据。
视图的可更新性和视图中查询的定义有关系,以下类型的视图是不能更新的。
• 包含以下关键字的sql语句:分组函数、 distinct、 group by、 having、 union或者union all
• 常量视图
• Select中包含子查询
• join
• from一个不能更新的视图
• where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) "annual salary"
FROM employees;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees;
SELECT * FROM myv1;
SELECT * FROM employees;
#1.插入
INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','zf@qq.com');
#2.修改
UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';
#3.删除
DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = '张无忌';
#具备以下特点的视图不允许更新
#①包含以下关键字的sql语句:分组函数、distinct、group by、having、union或者union all
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
SELECT * FROM myv1;
#更新
UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;
#②常量视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT 'john' NAME;
SELECT * FROM myv2;
#更新
UPDATE myv2 SET NAME='lucy';
#③Select中包含子查询
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv3;
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000;
#④join
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv4;
UPDATE myv4 SET last_name = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen';
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真','xxxx');
#⑤from一个不能更新的视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS
SELECT * FROM myv3;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv5;
UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60;
#⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv6;
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = 'k_ing';