【Java学习】1. Introduction to Java

1.1 A Typical Java Development Environment

1.1.1 The steps to create and execute a Java application

Phase 1: Edit
Program is created in an editor and stored on disk in a file whose name ends with .java

Phase 2: Compile
Compiler creates bytecodes and stores them on disk in a file whose name ends with .class ( .class文件的个数取决于类的个数，而不是.java文件的个数）

Phase 3: Load
Class loader reads .class files containing bytecodes from disk and puts those bytecodes in memory
load 后，类定义以class类的对象的形式存储在内存中

Phase 4: Verify
Bytecode verifier confirms that all bytecodes are valid and do not violate Java’s security restrictions

Phase 5: Execution
To execute the program, the JVM reads bytecodes and just-in-time(JIT) compiles(translates) them into a language that the computer can understand. As the program executes, it may store data values in primary memory

1.1.2 Tips

• .class 以 Java Bytecode 的形式存储
• 在 Ececution 阶段，JVM 既有 interpreter，也有compile。JVM 在解释的同时也有动态/即时编译，即 JIT Compile。(hot spot)

1.2 Java Characteristics

• Simple
• Secure
• Portable
• Robust
• Object-oriented
• Architecture-neutral
• Multithreaded (多线程的)
  进程 process ----> 线程 thread（多个线程并发）
• Interpreted (解释性的)
• High performance(高性能的)
• Distributed(分布式的)
  Java was designed with the distributed environment. It can be transmit, run over the internet.
• Dynamic(动态的)
  Class loader 将类动态加载如JVM中

1.3 Different from C++

Features	C++	Java
Pointer	Yes	No
Goto Statement	Yes	No
Unsigned Data Types	Yes	No
Operator Overloading	Yes	No
Preprocessor Directives ( #define)	Yes	No
Multiple Inheritance	Yes	No
Memory Management	Explicit ( 显式 )	Implicit ( 隐式 )
Structures Concept	Yes	No

• C++支持多继承，Java不支持多继承
• C++为显式的内存管理，Java为隐式的内存管理
• Memory Leak（内存泄漏）: 当没有用的内存没有释放的时候，会造成内存泄漏。C++需要手动释放内存，Java中的JVM自动管理内存。Java程序仍然存在内存泄漏，但要比C++少很多
• 判断一个内存是否应当回收：有无指针指向这片内存（寻找GC Roots）

1.4 Others

1.4.1 Java Class Libraries

• Java programs consist of pieces called classes
• Classed include methods that perform tasks and return information when the tasks complete
• Java class libraries
• Rich collections of existing classes
• Also known as the Java APIs

1.4.2 Program Languages

• Imperative（命令式的）: C, C++, Java, …
  • 下达命令时很清晰，明确指定方法的步骤
  • 问题：冯·诺依曼瓶颈
• Functional（函数式的）: SQL( 非过程化的语言 ）, …
  • 这一类语言特点是将函数当变量用，类似Lambda Expressions
• Logical（逻辑式的）

1.4.3 Class 类

• Instance of class represent classes and interfaces in a running Java application.
• class类没有构造函数，class类的对象是Class Loader在load .class 文件时产生的，不能手动new一个